HARV ARD “UNIMERSITY.
LIBRARY
OF THE
MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY.
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GIFT OF
ALEXANDER AGASSIZ.
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ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT
Nea Aaah Oo tte 6
merOnOG bOoAl SO CIE TY
CHARTERED IN 1895
OBJECRSSOb™ HES SOCIETY.
A PUBLIC ZOOLOGICAL PARK
THE PRESERVATION OF OUR NATIVE ANIMALS
THE SPROMOPTION- OF ZOOLOGY
1906
v
NEW YORK
OFFICESOF “THESSOGIETY, 11 WALL, STREET
JANUARY, 10907
YARhetl
YEOIVOS C00 ,€U0
FEIN BAOIREM LD
CoPpyRIGHT, 1907, BY
THE NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY
\
The Kalkbhoff Company
Hew Bork
Contents
PAGE
THE BoarD OF MANAGERS ; : : ; : : eee)
OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY . ; ‘ ; : : eter
List oF MEMBERS : : ; : : , é ; ; 3
REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. : ; : ee ASE
THe NATIONAL COLLECTION OF HEADS AND Horns _. SAA
TREASURER’S REPORTS . : : : 3 p : : 4S
General Fund . ; [ : : 2 : : ay CAS
Income Account : . 5 ; é ' : et
Animal Fund . : ; ; : : : : sy
Maintenance Fund oes ‘ : ; 4 : » 46
Ground Improvement Fund. : ; : ee Vi
Aquarium Improvement Fund : : : : Ag
Aquarium Fund 50
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 5 k ; :
IV.T. Hornaday 53
AQUARIUM REPORT 3 : : ; :
Charles H. Townsend 83
THE CULTIVATION OF FISHES , : : : ‘ 5
Charles H. Townsend 8&9
List oF GIFTs : ; ; : é : : : : SALI
REPORT OF THE VETERINARIAN : ‘ ; : : :
W.. Reid Bla, D.V.S., 127
A PECULIAR SKIN DISEASE ; : é : : ;
W. Reid Blair, D.V.S. 132
ACTINOMYCOSIS IN BLACK MOUNTAIN SHEEP ; E ;
Wired. Bian e217. S. 137
GROWTH OF THE ALLIGATOR : : , : ;
Raymond L. Ditmars 143
OwLs OF THE NEARCTIC REGION : ; : ; :
C. Wilham Beebe 157
List oF Brirps : : ; ; .
C. Wiliam Beebe 193
By-Laws L ; : ; : : ; : : : 3 23
INDEX ae ee SE PE eae wt cit LN PIO)
a ' ‘
at
List of Mlustrations
PAGE
PorTION OF THE RED DEER HERD . : 3 : : . Frontispiece
PoLtaR BEAR : ; 3 : : : ; : E : : SO
Arctic Fox : i : : : : : ; : : ; 2
Boston Roap ENTRANCE : é : ; ; t : >» 8
SMALL-DEER HOUSE . : : ; ; : : 3 : : 5 KS
New Boat House . : : 5 ; : Z : 4 | FS
INTERIOR OF THE AQUARIUM BUILDING IN I850 . 3 5 : ceo?
YELLOW PERCH . ‘ ? é ; , ; : 3 , 5 i008)
CRAPPIE ; : : é : , ; ; ; ; ‘ : 5 C2
LarGe-MouTHED BLAck Bass ; F : 4 : + OB
Lonc-EArED SUNFISH : : : : : : ; : : 3 OF
Carico Bass : : : ; ; 4 ; : ; ; 5° 296
CROSS-SECTION OF DAM . E : : : : : : ; 5 Gy
WHITE PERCH . : : 5 , f ; : ‘ ‘ : S100
Rock Bass . : : : : : j : ; : : : = 101
ARTIFICIAL SPAWNING NEST . : : 3 E E ; : 9 3105
CATFISH : , , : : : ; : : : : . LOO
WuHuitEeE Bass _. i : 2 ; : : ; , 3 5 oy
PRIMATE House ‘ : : : : \ : ‘ : 5 ae
Ear OF AFRICAN ELEPHANT . : : : : : : P 5 ete)
SECTION OF SKIN OF AFRICAN ELEPHANT . : ‘ : 5 TER
AcCTINOMYcosIs, PLATE I . ; , , : : ; P : 1B
Actinomycosts, PLate II : : ; : ; : : : 5 ates
THE ALLIGATOR PooL : : J , 3 : ; : : AS
ALLIGATORS IN THEIR SUMMER Poot . , : , : : Aa
FLorIDA CROCODILE. é 3 5 ; ; ‘ d 3 f 5 alg
RoUGH-EYED CAIMAN : : : ; : : y : 5 ake
HEAD OF FLORIDA CROCODILE . 3 , : é ; ; 3 5 ZG)
AMAZON CAIMAN 2 é : : ; ; . : , : erSO
CAROLINA ALLIGATOR : A : é : ; ; : : 5 LH
YouNnG ScREECH OwWLs . i F 5 , : 5 : 56)
Barn Ow. : : : , ‘ : : : ; ; : 5 ACS)
SHORT-EARED OwL 3 ; q : ; : 3 : 5 Wo
8 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
LONG-EARED OWL :
Eccs AND YOUNG OF Lonc-EARED OwL
YounG GREAT Hornep Owts
Younc Barn Ow.
BARRED OwL : :
GREAT GRAY OwL AND ELF OwL
Saw-WHeET OwL
ScCREECH OwL
GREAT HorNED OwL
Snowy Ow.
Hawk Ow.
WESTERN BurRROWING OWL
FERRUGINOUS Picmy OwL
PAGE
171
172
173
174
175
177
179
179
181
184
187
188
IOI
Board of Managers
_\ Hon. Grorce B. McCLeLian, Mayor of New York,
ae (Hon. Moses HerrMan, President Dep’t of Parks.
CLASS OF 1908
HeNry FAIRFIELD OSBORN, Hucu D. AUCHINCLOSS,
CHARLES T. BARNEY, CHARLES F. DIETERICH,
Wituiam C. CHURCH, James J. HILt,
LISPENARD STEWART, GEORGE F. BAKER,
H. Casimir DE RHAM, GRANT B. SCHLEY,
GEORGE CROCKER, PayNE WHITNEY.
CLASS OF 1909
Levi P. Morton, MADISON GRANT,
ANDREW CARNEGIE, WILLIAM WHITE NILES,
Morris K. Jesup, SAMUEL THORNE,
Joun L. CADWALADER, Ee Nry AG. Ayvior,
Joun S. BaARNEs, HucuH J. CHISHOLM,
WINTHROP RUTHERFURD, WiLiiamM D. SLOANE.
CLASS OF 1910
F. AuGusTUSs SCHERMERHORN, CLEVELAND H. DopcE,
Percy R. Pyne, C. LEpyarp BLAIR,
GEORGE B. GRINNELL, CORNELIUS VANDERBILT,
Jacos H. Scuirr, NELSON RopiInson,
Epwarp J. BERWIND, FREDERICK GILBERT BOURNE,
GEORGE C. CLARK, W. Austin WapsSwortTH.
OFFICERS
OF THE
New York Zoological Society
President:
HON, LEVI PS MORTON:
First Vice-President: Second Vice-President:
HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN. JOHN L. CADWALADER.
Executive Committee
CHARLES T. BARNEY, Chairman,
JOHN S. BARNES, MADISON GRANT,
PERCY. R PYNE; WILLIAM WHITE NILES,
SAMUEL THORNE, HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN,
LEVI P. MORTON, Ex-officio.
Secretary:
MADISON GRANT,
11 Wall Street.
Treasurer:
PDI IRE Te IN/Ie,
52 Wall Street.
Director of the Zoological Park:
WILLIAM T. HORNADAY,
183d Street and Southern Boulevard.
Director of the Aquarium:
CHARLES H. TOWNSEND,
Battery Park,
Architects:
HEINS & LA FARGE.
Consulting Landscape Architect:
JAMES L. GREENLEAPF.
Consulting Engineer:
Isl, IDyo! 18), IPVNIRSOUNTS)
Scientific Council
WILLIAM T. HORNADAY, Chairman.
J. A. ALLEN, American Museum of Natural History.
FRANK M. CHAPMAN, American Museum of Natural History.
WILLIAM STRATFORD, College of the City of New York.
CHARLES L. BRISTOL, University of New York.
GEORGE BIRD GRINNELL, Editor of Forest and Stream.
HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN, Columbia University.
CHARLES B. DAVENPORT, Director Biological Laboratory, Cold
Spring Harbor, N. Y.
CHARLES H. TOWNSEND, Director of the New York Aquarium.
MADISON GRANT, Secretary New York Zoological Society, Ex-officio.
CHARLES T. BARNEY, Chairman Executive Committee, E--officio.
Officers of the Zoological Park
WILLIAM T. HORNADAY,
Director and General Curator.
EDS Re MT © ET Deore. neta ieee Chief Clerk and Disbursing Officer.
RAYMOND? DIERNUATRS: Sanne reenter ricer Curator of Reptiles.
CAWiE BAM B EB ae ee See el Se Re de Curator of Birds.
EW MEBRIREIE poeta tee elec toe ae Chief Forester and Constructor.
GEORGE MAE DE RIB OWI Re te cen eect ns ore ces Civil Engineer.
EE WiENGRSESAIN BORING ae oes eee Photographer and Assistant Editor.
Medical Staff.
HAR LOWS=BROOKS ME Dice ecco eer Pathologist.
Wi RE TD MB IADR gE SS) aso ese rane ee a V eterinarian.
Aguarium Committee
CHARLES H. TOWNSEND, Chairman.
CHARLES L. BRISTOL, University of New York.
BASHFORD DEAN, Columbia University.
ALFRED G. MAYER, Tortugas Laboratory of Carnegie Institute.
CHARLES B. DAVENPORT, Director Biological Laboratory, Cold
Spring Harbor, N. Y.
THOMAS H. MORGAN, Columbia University.
EDMUND B. WILSON, Columbia University.
WILLIAM E. DAMON.
ROSWELL MORSE SHURTLEFF.
Officers of the Aquarium
CHARLES H. TOWNSEND, Director.
LEONARD B. SPENCER....Asst. in Charge of Fresh-water Collections.
WASHINGTON I. DE NYSE.....Asst. in Charge of Marine Collections.
EBENJR2o SAVED SON xs.2 a op-tan ieee oe acne Clerk and Disbursing Officer.
MEMBERS
OF THE
New York Zoological Society
Honorary Hembers
Pror. J. A. ALLEN,
Pror. ALEXANDER AGASSIZ,
Tue DuKeE oF BEDForD,
Mr. ArtTHUR ERWIN Brown,
Dr. FRANK M. CHAPMAN,
Pror. DanteL Giraup EZ: Lior,
*Str WILLIAM FLOWER,
*Dr. F. L’Hoest,
Dr. C. Hart MeErRIAM,
Hon. Lionet WALTER ROTHSCHILD,
Dr. Puitie LurLtey ScLATER.
BARNEY, CHARLES T.,
CARNEGIE, ANDREW,
ROCKEFELLER, WILLIAM,
Baker, GeEorGeE F.,
BarNES, JOHN S.,
BERWIND, Epwarp J.,
BourRNE, FREDERICK GILBERT,
CADWALADER, JOHN L.,
DIETERICH, CHARLES F.,
*Dopce, WILLIAM E.,
*GOELET, ROBERT,
GouLp, GEORGE J.,
GouLp, Miss HELEN MILLer,
*HUNTINGTON, C. P.,
Morean, J. PIERPONT,
Benefactors
ScuiFF, Jacos H.,
THORNE, SAMUEL,
*WuiITNEY, Hon. Wittiam C.
Founders
Morton, Hon. Levi P.,
*OTTENDORFER, OSWALD,
PAYNE, Cot. OLIVER H.,
Pyne, Percy RIvINGTON,
ROCKEFELLER, JOHN D.,
SCHERMERHORN, F. AuGusTUS,
THomeson, Mrs. FRepDERIC FERRIS,
SLOANE, WILLIAM D.,
Tayior, Henry A. C.,
Trevor, Mrs. JouHn B.,
*\/ ANDERBILT, CORNELIUS,
VANDERBILT, WILLIAM K.,
Woop, Mrs. ANTOINETTE ENO.
Associate Founders
*BABCOCK, SAMUEL D.,
Brarr, C. Lepy arp,
*CARTER, JAMES C.,
CuHIsHoLM, Hueu J.,
CROCKER, GEORGE,
Jesup, Morris K..,
Osporn, Pror. HENRY FAIRFIELD,
*SCHUYLER, PHILIP,
Stewart, LISPENARD,
Stokes, Miss CAroLiINnE PHELPs,
Stureis, Mrs. Frank K.,
TIFFANY & Co.,
VANDERBILT, CORNELIUS.
*Deceased.
14 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL, SOCIETY.
* ARNOLD, HICKS,
AucuHincioss, Mrs, Hucy D.,
Briss, CorNneELIUS N.,
*Briiss, GEorGE T.,
Brewster, Ropert S.,
CLARK, GEORGE CRAWFORD,
Criark, Mrs GrorGe CRAWFORD,
*CONSTABLE, FREDERICK A.,
*Cook, HENRY H.,
Dopce, CLEVELAND H.,
EuReT, GEORGE,
*FLowWER, RosweELr P.,
Forp, JAMEs B.,
Forp, J. Howarp,
HarKNESS, CHARLES W.,
HaveMEYER, Henry O.,
HaveMEYER, WILLIAM F.,
*Hewitrt, ABRAM S.,
Hitt, JAMEs J.,
*HOFFMAN, VERY Rev. E. A.,
*TSELIN, ADRIAN,
James, D. WILLIs,
James, NorMAN,
Jennines, Miss A. B.,
KENNEDY, JOHN STEWART,
Lewis, Mrs. GEORGE,
Mayer, Dr. ALFRED G.,
Morris, A. NEWBOLD,
Morris, Mrs. A. NEWBOLD,
Patrons
Morris, Miss EvA VAN CorTLANDT,
Morris, NEWBOLD,
Osporn, WILLIAM CHURCH,
*Osporn, Mrs. WILLIAM H.,
Poor, Henry W.,
*Pyne, Mrs. Percy R.,
Ropinson, NELSON,
Ryan, [Homas F.,
*SCHERMERHORN, WILLIAM C.,
ScHLeEy, GRANT B.,
SELIGMAN, ISAAc NEWTON,
*STICKNEY, JOSEPH,
SticKNEY, Mrs JOSEPH,
Tayior, JAMES B., JR,
THORNE, EDWIN,
TuHorne, Francis B.,
THORNE, HENRY S.,
TuHorNE, JoeL W.,
THorNE, Lanpon K,,
Tuorne, Miss PHese ANNA,
THORNE, SAMUEL, JR.,
Tuorne, S. BRINCKERHOF¥,
THORNE, VICTOR C.,
THORNE, WILLIAM,
Tyaper, Mrs. Marcaret T.,
Twompty, H. McK.,
Von Post, HERMAN C.,
*Weps, WILLIAM H.,
*WOLFF, A.
Lite Members
ApAMs, Epwarp DEAN,
Acnew, Miss A. G.,
ANDREWS, CoNSTANT A.,
ANDREWS, J. SHERLOCK,
AucHINcLOoss, Hucu D.,
AvERY, SAMUEL P.,
BALLANTINE, Ropert F.,
Barsour, THOMAS,
Barpour, WILLIAM,
BaruHynpt, Mrs. P. HAcCKLEy,
Barnes, Miss Cora F.,
Barnes, Miss MILpren,
Breese, C. WILLIAM,
BELMONT, AUGUST,
Betts, SAMUEL ROSSITER,
BrsHop, HEBER REGINALD,
BLACKFORD, EUGENE G.,
Bo.pt, GEORGE C.,
30ND, FRANK S.,
Booty, WILLIAM H.,
Bowpotn, GEorcE S.,
Brown, GeorceE McKesson,
Bruce, Miss Maritpa W.,
BurbDEN, HENRY, 2D,
BUSHNELL, JOSEPH,
Butter, Witt1AM Mitt,
CAMMANN, GEORGE P..
Camp, HucH N.,
CHANLER, WINTHROP,
CHIsHoLM, HucH J., Jr.
CuurcH, E. Dwicut,
CHurRcH, WILLIAM CONANT,
CLARKSON, BANYER,
Cor, WILLIAM R.,
CoLGATE, WILLIAM,
CoLtiarp, Mrs. Georce W.,
ConNYNGHAM, WILLIAM L.,
(Coors, (Cc. I.
CorNING, JoHN J.,
Coxe, DAVIES,
CRANE, ZENAS,
CrriMMINsS, JOHN D.,
(Guyacon, (C, Cz
Davis, E. W.,
Davis, Joun W. A.,
pECopreT, Epwarp J.,
*Deceased.
ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT.
DELAFIELD, ALBERT,
De RHAM, CHARLES,
DICKERMAN, WartTSON B.,
Dickey, CHARLES D.,
Dirmars, Raymonp L.,
Dopce, GEORGE EGLESTON,
Dopce, MarceLLus HARTLEY,
DoELGER, CHARLES P.,
Doe cer, PETER,
Doetcer, PETER, JR.,
Draper, Mrs. HENRY,
Du Bors, Miss ETHEL,
Du Bots, Miss KATHERINE,
Du Bots, WitttAm A.,
DUNSCOMBE, GEORGE ELSworTH,
Dwyer, THOMAS,
ELLioTr, SAMUEL,
Exiis, W. Dixon,
Ey, AmBrosE K.,
Eno, Amos F.,
FAIRCHILD, Hon. CHar-es S.,
Fercuson, Mrs. FARQUHAR,
Fercuson, Miss May,
FreLp, CoRTLANDT DE PEYSTER,
FLEITMANN, WiLLIAM MeEDLIcorTT,
FLINT, CHARLES R.,
FRENCH, S. Barton,
Gerry, Expripce T.,
GoopwIN, JAMES J.,
GRANT, MapiIson,
GUGGENHEIM, S. R.,
GUNTHER, BERNARD G.,
GUNTHER, FRANKLIN L.,
HAGENBECK, CARL,
HARKNESS, Epwarbp S.,
Harkness, Mrs. S. V.,
HARRAH, CHARLES J.,
Harris, ALAN C.,
Haupt, Dr. Louts,
HAVEN, GEorGE G.,
HeEaArN, Georce A.,
HENDERSON, CHARLES R.,
Hicernson, Cot. JAMEs J.,
Hitt, Hueu,
Hopkins, Georce B.,
HornaADAY, WILLIAM T..,
Hupssarp, THomAs H.,
HuntTinctTon, ArcHER M.,
Hype, JAmMes H.,
Jackson, THEODORE F.,
JENNINGS, OLIVER G.,,
Kinc, GEorGE GorDoNn,
KINGSLAND, WILLIAM M.,
Kisset, Gustav E.,
KunHArRDT, W. B.,
La Farce, C. GRANT,
Lancpon, Woopsury G.,
LANIER, CHARLES,
LrE, CHARLES NorTHAM,
Leeps, Mrs. Warner M.,
LEHMAN, S. M.,
LouNSBERY, RICHARD P.,
Low, C. ADOLPHE,
Low, SETH,
Lypic, Davin,
Lypic, Cart. Puizie M.,
McALpIN, CHARLES WILLISTON,
McComs, J. Scorr,
McKim, Cuar es F.,
McLane, Guy RIcHARDs,
MacKay, CLARENCE H.,
Mackay, Dona tp,
Macy, V. Everitt,
MaiItLanpb, ALEXANDER,
Matiory, CHARLES H.,
Marc, THeEopHILUS M.,
Markog, Dr, Francis H..,
MarsHALL, Louis,
MERKEL, HERMANN W.
Miter, Dr. Georce N.,
*MITCHELL, RoLAND G.,
Moore, Mrs. JAMES Amory,
Morean, J. P., Jr.,
Morris, JAMES,
Nessi1T, A. G.,
NeEwso.Lp, THOMAS,
NicHorts, Mrs, WIiLLtiAM GILLMAN,
Nites, J. Barron,
Nives, Witt1AM WHITE,
ParisH, Henry,
ParrIsH, JAMES C.,
PEABODY, CHARLES A.,
PERKINS, WILLIAM H.,
Puiprs, HENRY,
PHOENIX, Lioyp,
PHOENIX, PHILLIPS,
PIERREPONT, JOHN Jay,
PincuHor, J. W.,
Potrer, Mrs. Henry C.,
Pratt, Datras B.,
Proctor, A. PHIMISTER,
QUINTARD, GEORGE W.,
RAYMOND, CHARLES H..,
RIKER, SAMUEL, JR.,
Rose, J. HAMPDEN,
Rogsins, Mitton,
Rocers, ARCHIBALD,
Russ, Epwarp,
RUTHERFORD, WINTHROP,
Sampson, Henry,
SANDS, WILLIAM R.,
SCHERMERHORN, J. EGMonqtT,
SCHIEFFELIN, EUGENE,
Scuirr, Mortimer L.,
Seton, ERNEST THOMPSON,
SHELDON, CHARLFS,
*Deceased.
15
16 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
SHERMAN, GEORGE,
SHERMAN, WILLIAM WarTTs,
SHIELDS, GEORGE O.,
Srtmpson, Miss JEAN WALKER,
SLoan, Benson B.,
SLOAN, SAMUEL,
SLoaANn, SAMUEL, JR.,
*SLOANE, JOHN,
SPEYER, JAMES,
STETSON, FRANCIS LYNDE,
STURGES, FREDERICK,
SturcEs, FRANK K.,
THALMAN, ERNST,
Tuompson, Lewis S.,
Tuomeson, WILLIAM P.,
TILFoRD, FRANK,
Topp, WILLIAM R.,
TOWNSEND, CHARLES H.,
Trevor, HENRY G.,
Trevor, JOHN B.,
UHLMANN, FREDERICK,
WapswortH, Major W. AUSTIN,
WAINWRIGHT, RICHARD T.,
WALKER, Dr. HENRY FREEMAN,
WarsurG, Fertx M.,
WARREN, SAMUEL D.,
Watson, Francis A.,
WetcHe_ErR, Mrs. FANNY AVERY,
WHEALTON, Louts N.,
WHITEHEAD, PAUL,
WHITNEY, Harry PAYNE,
WHITNEY, PAYNE,
Wittets, Howarp,
Wine, Joun D.,
Woop, Miss ELEANOR DENNISTON.
Annual fMembers
ABEEL, GEORGE,
ABEEL, JOHN H.,
ABERCROMBE, Davin T.,
ACHELIS, FRitTz,
ACHELIS, JOHN,
ApaAmMs, FraANK LANSON,
ADAMS, FREDERICK T.,
ADAMS, SAMUEL,
ApAMS, THATCHER M..,
ApRIANCE, Rev. Harris ELy,
AGENS, FREDERICK GIRARD,
AGNEW, ANDREW G.,
AGNEw, Mrs Cornettius R.,
AITKEN, JOHN W.,
ALDEN, R. Percy,
Axpricu, Mrs. James HERMAN,
ALEXANDER, Mrs. CHAr-eEs B.,
ALEXANDER, DOUGLAS,
ALEXANDER, FRANK D.,
ALEXANDER, JAMES W.,
ALEXANDER, Dr. WELCOME T.,
ALEXANDER, Mrs. WILLIAM,
ALEXANDRE, J. HENRY,
ALLEN, ETHAN,
ALLEN, JAMES LANE,
Ams, Max,
AMUNDSON, JOHN A.,
ANDERSON, A. A.,
ANDERSON, P. CHAUNCEY,
ANDREINI, J. M.,
AntTHony, WILLIAM A.,
APPLETON, FRANCIS R.,
APPLETON, JAMES W.,
ARCHBOLD, Mrs. J. F.,
ARCHBOLD, JOHN D.
ARCHER-SHEE, Mrs. MartTINn,
AREND, F. J.,
ARMOUR, GEORGE A.,
Armour, Mrs. HERMAN O.,
Astor, JOHN JACOB,
AvuCcHINCLoss, Mrs. Enear S.,
AUCHINCLoss, HucH,
AUCHINCLOSS, JOHN W.,
AUSTIN, GEORGE C.,
Aycricc, B. ARTHUR,
AYER, FREDERICK F.,
BAKER, STEPHEN,
BALDWIN, FREDERICK H..,
BaLpwin, Dr. Jaren G.,
BALDWIN, JARED G., Jr.,
BANFIELD, ELWwoop,
Bancs, Dr. L. Botton,
BanxKs, THEopoRE H.,
Barsey, Henry [.,
BarcLay, J. SEARLE, JR.,
Barciay, Mrs. REGINALD,
BARNARD, J. AUGUSTUS,
Barnes, Epwarp W.,
Barnes, Mrs. Harrtette S.,
Barnes, HERBERT S.,
BARNES, J. SANFORD, JR.,
Barney, A. L.,
Barney, ASHBEL H..,
Barney, Miss KATHERINE L.,
Barney, Mrs. J. STEWART,
Barney, N. C.,
Barnum, WILLIAM M.,
Barr, WILLIAM,
Barron, Dr. JoHN C.,
Barron, GeEorGE D.,
Bartets, WILLIAM,
BATTERSON, JAMES G.,
*Deceased.
ELEVENTH
BAUMANN, GUSTAV,
BAxtTeER, GEORGE S., JR.,
Bayarp, Lours P.,
Bay Lies, EpMmunNpD L.,
Bay.iges, Mrs. NatHatie E.,
Baytis, WILLIAM,
BreacH, FREDERICK C.,
BeacH, WALTER R.,
BEADLESTON, ALFRED N.,
BEAL, WILLIAM R.,
BrarpD, DANIEL CARTER,
BECKER, CHRISTIAN,
Becker, PHILIP,
Beers, M. H.,
Bett, EpWaArp,
BELMONT, PERRY,
BEMENT, EpWarbp,
BENKARD, Harry H.,
BENJAMIN, EUGENE S.,
Benson, FRANK SHERMAN,
Benson, Miss Mary,
Benson, Miss Tuyrza,
BEROLZHEIMER, E.,
BERNHEIMER, CHARLES L.,
BERNHEIMER, SIMON E.,
BertTRON, S. R.,
Bickmore, Pror. ALBERT S.,
Brer, Mrs. SyLvAN,
BicELow, Henry B.,
BILLINGS, FREDERICK,
Britincs, Miss Mary M.,
BiIRCHALL, W. H.,
Birp, Epwarp Dimon,
Brrp, GEORGE,
BisHop, Miss Mary CUNNINGHAM,
BiacpEN, Mrs. Jutta G.,
BrEATR Ds Gs
Biarr, J. INSLEY,
BLAxke, Dr. JoseryH A.,
BLAKESLEE, T. J.,
BLaTCHFoRD, Mrs. SAMUEL A.,
Buiss, ERNEST C.,
Bropcett, WILLIAM TILDON,
Bioopcoop, Rosert F.,
BLOOMINGDALE, JOSEPH B.,
Bross, JAMEs O.,
Boas, Emit L.,
BoEKELMAN, Pror. BERNARDUS,
Boettcer, H. W.,
Bocert, Epwarod C.,
BotssEvaINn, G. L.,
Botton, Mrs. JosepH B.,
Bo.ton, JoHN W.,
Botton, THoMAs, Jr.,
Bonn, ALFRED H..,
Bonpb, WILLIAM EpWARD,
Bonner, G. T.,
Bonner, Mrs. Paut R.,
ANNUAL “REPORT.
17
BorGstEDE, JoHN G.,
Borianp, J. NELSon,
Bortanp, WILLIAM G.,
Borne, JoHN E.,
Boreter, Exiyau S.,
Bowpo1n, TEMPLE,
Bowen, CLARENCE WINTHROP,
Bowers, JoHn M.,
Braprorp, J. H,.
Brap.ey, Epson,
Brab ey, J. R.,
Brapy, Mrs. J. R,.
Brapy, Nicuouas F.,
BRAINARD, IRA H.,
Branp, Oscar J.,
BRANDRETH, COURTENAY,
BRAUN, FREDERICK,
BRrEIDENBACH, CHARLES M.,
Brewer, WI1iAM A., Jr,
Brewster, Mrs. BENJAMIN,
BREWSTER, GEORGE S.,
BrINKERHOFF, Expert A.,
BRINSMADE, CHARLES LyMAN,
BrisToL, Pror. CHARLES L.,
Bristot, JoHn I. D.,
Bristow, WILLIAM B.,
Bronson, Dr. Epwarp BENNET,
Brown, Hon, Anpprison,
Brown, CuHartes F.,
Brown, Epwin H.,
Brown, Miss Etten W.,
Brown, JOHN Crossy,
Brown, VERNON CARLETON,
Brown, WaAtpron P.,
Brownine, J. A.,
BrowNIinG, WILLIAM H.,
BRUCKER, CARL,
Brunn, JuLius W.,
Bryant, Dr. JosepH D.,
Bryce, Mrs. WILLIAM,
BucHANAN, WILLIAM,
Buckner, Tuomas A.,
Bupp, Henry A.,
BuLktey, Epwin M..,
BuLkiey, Mrs. Epwin M.,
Buti, CHARLES LIVINGSTON,
Butt, Rospert Mactray,
Buti, Witiiam L.,
Butt, Dr. Witi1aM T.,
Bumpeus, Pror. Hermon C.,
Burpen, JAMEs A., JR,
Burcess, Epwarp G.,
Burke, B. J.,
BurRLEIGH, GEORGE W.,
Bur.eicH, Mrs. Greorce W.,
Burnuam, Mrs. Dovetas W.,
Burr, WINTHROP,
Burras, H. K.,,
*Deceased.
18 NEW YORK
BurriLu, ALFRED C.,
BusH, JouHN S.,
BuTLer, ARTHUR W.,
Caesar, Henry A.,
Cater, Amos H.,
*CAaLHOUN, HENRY W.,
CALMAN, ALBERT,
CaLMAN, HEnry L.,
CAMMANN, Epwarp C.,
CAMMANN, HENRY LorILLARD,
CAMMANN, HERMANN H..,
CANFIELD, GEORGE FOLGER,
CANFIELD, RicHarp A.,
Cannon, H. W., JRr.,
CANNON, JAMEs G.,
GADEZAG ND Die
Carey, Henry T.,
CARPENDER, WILLIAM,
CARPENTER, PHILIP,
CARRERE, JOHN M.,
CaRROLL, RoyALt PHELPS,
CARSTENSEN, Mrs. JoHN,
CarTER, Mrs. MARGUERITE,
*CASTREE, JOHN W.,
CaAswELL, JoHN H.,
Catucart, Miss JENNIE R.,
CERERO, R. L.,
CuHasot, THEODORE J.,
CHAMBERS, FRANK R.,
CHAMBERS, JAMES,
CHAMBERS, JOHN A.,
CHAMPOLLION, ANDRE,
CHAPIN, Mrs. ALFRED,
Cuapin, Miss Marie Bowen,
CHAPMAN, HENRY OTIS,
CHAPMAN, JOHN Jay,
CHAUNCEY, ELIHU,
CHENEY, GEorGE L.,
CHESEBROUGH, Rosert A.,
CHICHESTER, CHARLES DaRWIN,
CuHILbs, EVERSLEY,
CuiLps, WitttAM H.,
Cuiso_m, B, OaGpdEN,
CHOATE, JosEPH K.,
CHurRcH, CHARLES T.,
CuHurcH, E. D., Jr,
CuurcH, Freperic E.,
Cuurcu, F. S.,
CuHurcH, THEODORE W.,
CLAFLIN, JOHN,
CLARK, D. CRAWFORD,
Criark, J. MITCHELL,
(Circe, IL; (Cy
Ciark, W. A.,
CLARK, WILLIAM N.,
Cinnin IBS ANS.
CLARKE, THOMAS SHIELDS,
CLAUSEN, GEorGE C.,
ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
CLEARY, JOHN,
CLeMENTs, G. H.,
CLEVELAND, CHARLES D.,
CLyDE, WILLIAM P.,
CocHRANE, JOHN W.,
CocKeEroFT, Miss E. V.,
CocKRAN, Hon. W. Bourke,
CopMAN, Mrs. OGpEN,
CorFrin, DANIEL M..,
CoFFIN, WILLIAM EDWARD,
CoHEN, SAMUEL M.,
CoLBron, PAUL TOWNSEND,
Cotsurn, N. A.,
CoLtspy, Howarp A.,
Coie, Epwarp F.,
CoLLieR, PETER F.,
COLLIER, PRICE,
Co.uier, Mrs. R. J.,
CoLLINS, CLARENCE LyMAN,
Cotitins, Dr. Stacey Bunp,
Cotiins, Mrs. Exxren,
CoLiins, Miss GERTRUDE,
CoLbLorD, GEORGE W.,
Comstock, Mrs. H. G.,
Conpon, THOMAS GERALD,
ConceER, HENRY C.,
CONTENT, Harry,
Comes, T. Gorton,
Cooper, | HEODORE,
CorBIN, AUSTIN,
Corsin, Mrs. AusTIN,
Cornice Gage
CorwInE, WILLIAM R.,
CosTAIN, EuGENE H.,
CosTER, CHARLES,
Coster, EpwArp LiviNGSsTON,
Coster, Henry A.,
Cownpin, WINTHROP,
CowL, CLARKSON,
Cow es, Davin S.,
Cox, CHARLES F.,
Cox, JENNINGs S.,
Cox, Mark T.,
CRAIGIE, ARCHIBALD WALPOLE,
Cram, Mrs. KATHERINE G.,
CRANE, ALBERT,
CravatH, Mrs. Paut_D.,
CRAWFORD, THOMAS,
CRAWFORD, Dr. W. H.,
CRAWFORD, WILLIAM,
Crickmorg, H. G.,
CROMWELL, JAMES W.,
CROMWELL, LINCOLN,
CRONEMEYER, ROBERT,
Cross, Greorce D.,
Cross, Mrs. C. VANDERBILT,
CrossLey, G. REGINALD,
CRUICKSHANK, JAMES,
*Deceased.
ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT.
Curtis, Epwarp W.,
CuTLER, CHARLES F.,
CuTTerR, RatpuH L.,
Cuttinc, R. Futton,
Cuttinc, W. Bayarp,
DalILey, GRANVILLE F.
Daty, Mrs. Marcus,
Damon, WILLIAM E.,
Dana, WILLIAM B.,
DANTELS, GEorRGE H.,
Darps, CHARLES A..
DavENPoRT, Pror. CHARLES B.,
DavENPorT, Mrs. Ira,
DavincE, WILLIAM H.,
Davies, FREDERICK M.,
Davies, J. CLARENCE,
Davies, JULIEN TAPPEN,
Davies, WILLIAM GILBERT,
Davis, CHARLES H.
Davis, DANIEL A.,
Davis, GHERARDI,
Davis, HowLanp,
Davis, JosePH P.,
Davis, M. B.,
Davis, MorGan,
Davison, CHARLES STEWART,
Dayison, GEorGE Howarnp,
Day, ARTHUR M.,
Day, Mrs.Henry MILts,
Dean, Pror. BASHFORD,
De Coppet, HENRY,
DEEVES, RICHARD,
De Forest, Ropert W.,
DeEcENER, J. F.,
DeGorcourtA, A. V..
De Ktyn, B. F.,
DELAFIELD, FREDERICK P.,
DevaFieELp, Miss Juria LivrncsTon,
DELANO, FREDERIC A.,
DELANO, WARREN, JR.,
DeELANOY, WILLIAM C.,
DELESKER, CHARLES,
DEMING, L. C.,
DeEnNIcKkE, J. B.,
Dersy, Dr. Ricuarp H.,
De Rwam, H. Casimir,
DEVEREUX, WALTER B.,
De VINNE, THEODORE Low,
De Wirt, WALTER G.,
De Wirt, WILLIAM G.,
DeExTER, STANLEY W.,
Dry, ANTHONY,
Deyo, Ropert E.,
Dickerson, E. N.,
DrexL, Georce H.,
Dienst, A. P.,
Dimock, GeorceE E.,
Dixon, Dr. Georce A.,
Drxon, Rosert NICER,
Dopp, Ropert H.,
Doper, D. Stuart,
Dopcr, Miss Erizasetu W.,
Dopce, Miss Grace H..,
Dopce, NorMAN W.,
Donce, Mrs. WiLiiAM E.,
Douse, JoHN,
Dominick, H. BLANCHARD,
DommnenricH, L. F.,
Doremus, F. S.,
Dousiepay, F. N.,
DoucLas, JAMES,
DoucLass, ALFRED,
Dows, Mrs. Davin,
Dows, Mrs. Davin, Jr.,
Dows, Tracy,
DRAKENFELD, B. FERDINAND,
DRAYTON, J. COLEMAN,
Draz, FRANCIS,
DreESSEL, JoHN A. H.,
DruMmMonpD, I. WyMaAN,
Duane, RicHarD BaAcHE,
DuBois, CorNELIUS,
DuBots, Dr. MattHew B.,
DuLLEs, WILLIAM, Jr.,
DuNCAN, STUART,
Duncan, W. Butter,
Dunpas, RaLtpH Wurts,
DunHAM, DR. CARROLL,
DuNHAM, Enwarp K.,
DunHAM, G. H.,
Dunn, Gano S.,
DuNNE, Epwarp B.,
Duryea, Harry H.,
Duryea, Gen Hiram,
DuTcHER, WILLIAM,
Epear, D.,
Encar, Herman L. R.,
Enear, Miss Jurta L.,
EpGar, Newson,
EnpGELL, GEorGE S.,
Epmonps, JoHn W.,
Ecerton, M..,
EGGELING, OTTO,
EccLeston, D. S.,
EIpLirz, ROBERT JAMES,
Exvsers, Mrs. Fritz,
Exper, Mrs. Martizpa A.,
ELpRIpGE, FREDERICK L.,
ELprinGe, ROSWELL,
ELpripGE, WILLIAM T..,
Eiuis, WILLIAM H.,
ELLSWorTH, DuNCAN S.,
ELLswortH, LINCOLN,
EMANUEL, J. H., Jr,
Emery, JOHN J.,
EmicH, Mott,
*Deceased.
Lg
a_i
Emmet, C. TEMPLE,
Emmet, Miss Lypia F.,
Emmet, Ropert TEMPLE,
Enpicott, ROBERT,
EnG.isH, E. M.,
Eno, JOHN CHESTER,
Epstean, Epwarp,
ErRsBSLoTH, R.,
ERDMANN, MaArtTIN,
ETTLINGER, Louis,
Eustis, JoHN E.,
Evans, Mrs. CADWALADER,
Evans, RICHARD,
Evarts, A. W.,
Evarts, SHERMAN,
Fapsri, ALESSANDRO,
FABBRI, ERNESTO G.,
Fappri, Mrs Ernesto G.,
FAHNESTOCK, Harris C.,
FAHNESTOCK, WILLIAM,
FAIRBANKS, Henry P.,
FALK, GUSTAV,
Farco, JAMES C.,
FARNHAM, PAULDING,
FARRELLY, T. CHARLES,
FARRINGTON, HARVEY,
FEARING, GEORGE R.,
Fearon, J. S.,
FELLOWES, CORNELIUS,
FERGUSON, Harry L.,
Fernstrom, H.,
Fretp, Witt1Am B,. Oscoop,
Fiscuer, WILLIAM H.,
FIsHER-HANSEN, CARL,
FisHe_r, L. G.,
Fisk, Harvey Epwarp,
FITZGERALD, GEN, Louts,
FLAGLER, Harry HARKNESS,
Fiint, AUSTIN, JR.,
FLower, ANSON R.,
Four, FRANZ,
Foor, JAmeEs D..
ForBACH, CHARLES,
Forp, Miss Lesa,
*HORRESTER, GEORGE B.,
Foster, Epwarp W.,
Foster, GIRAUD,
Foster, J. HEGEMAN,
Foster, MAcoMBE G..
Foster, Scott,
Fow ter, THomMAS PowELL,
Fraser, ALEX V.,
Fraser, Mrs. Georce™ S.,
Fraser, Miss S. Grace.
FRASER, WILLIAM C.,
FrencuH, Dr. CECcIL,
FRENCH, DANIEL C.,
FRIED, SAMPSON,
9() NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
FRISSELL, A. S.,
Futpa, Dr. Cart,
Futpa, Dr. CLEMENS,
FULLER, CHARLES D.,
Futier, Mrs. EUGENE,
FuLiLer, Henry D.,
FULTON, JOHN, JR.,
FunkKE, Epmunp A.,
GaANnz, ANTHONY,
GARLAND, JAMEs A.,
GARRETT, JOHN W.,
GAuTIER, DuDLEY G.,
Gay, JosepH E.,
GeeER, Mrs. WALTER,
GerArD, Mrs, JAMES W.,
GERLI, EMANUEL,
GERRISH, JOHN Brown,
Gerry, PETER G.,
GERSTER, Dr. ARPAD G.,
GILBERT, CLINTON,
GILLETTE, Dr. CURTENTIUS,
GiLsey, Henry, Jr.,
Guazier, Henry S.,
GLEASON, MICHAEL,
Giyn, W. E.,
Goapsy, W. H..
Goprrey, Mrs. E. D.,
Gopwin, Harorp,
GoLpscHMiInT, S. A.,
GoopHUE, CHARLES E.,
GoopHuE, Mrs. S. C.,
*GOODMAN, SAMUEL,
GoopripGE, Mrs. F. G.,
Goopwin, A. C.,
GOTTHELF, CHARLES,
GOoTTHELF, HERMAN,
GOTTHOLD, FREDERIC,
GOULD, CHARLES A.,
GouLp, CHARLES W.,
GouLp, EpwIn,
GouLp, Georce H..,
GOULDEN, JosEPH A.,
Grant, R. S.,
Graves, WILLIAM L.,
GREEFF, ERNEST F.,
GREENE, GEN, FRANCIs V.,
GREENOUGH, JOHN,
GrEENWwooD, ISAAc J.,
GREER, CHARLES,
GreGorR, ELMER R.,
GRIFFITH, DANIEL J.,
GRINNELL, GEORGE Brrp,
Griscom, CLEMENT A., JR,
GRISWOLD, CHESTER,
Gross, FRANK,
GUGGENHEIM, SIMON,
GULLIVER, WILLIAM C.,
GuRNEE, WALTER S.,
*Deceased.
ELEVENTH
*GWYNNE, JOHN A.,
Haas, OrrTo,
Hacues, JAMEs D.,
HaicuT, CuHaRLEs S.,
HAINES, CHARLES D.,
Haines, Henry F.,
Hatiock, CHares P.,
HALLS, WILLIAM, JR.,
HasreaD, Miss L. P.,
HAMERSLEY, Lours GorRDON,
Hamitton, Miss ADELAIDE,
ANNUAL REPORT.
Hiryarp, Georce D.,
HINCHMAN, WALTER,
Hirscu, CuHartes H.,
Hiss, PHILIP,
HircuHcock, CENTER,
Hocart, J. H.,
HocuscuHILp, BERTHOLD,
HopENPYL, ANTON G.,,
Hor, RicHarp M.,
Hoe, Mrs. RicHarp M.,
Hor, Mrs. Rosert,
Hamitton, Miss EvizABETH STEWART,HOFFMAN, Mrs. E. A.,
Hamitton, WILLIAM PIERSON,
HammMonp, JAMES B.,
Hammonp, Mrs. JoHN HENry,
Hanson, Pror. Harry D.,
HARBECK, CHARLES T.,
Harp, Anson W.,
HaARDENBERGH, Mrs. JOHN A.,
HARDENBERGH, |. E.,
Harmon, Mrs. CLiFForD,
HARPER, LATHROP C.,
Harvey, Exy,
HASKELL, GEORGE M.,
HASSLACHER, JACOB,
Hastines, Mrs. THOMAS,
HaveMEVER, F. C., Jr,
HAvEMEYER, H. O., JR.,
HAVEMEYER, T. A.,
Haven, GeorcE G., Jr.,
Havens, ALBERT G.,
Hawe, MatrHew,
Haw tey, Epwin,
Haynes, WitttAmM De Forest,
HECKSCHER, JOHN GERARD,
Henpces, Jos E.,
HEIMAN, ABRAHAM,
HeEIMan, E.,
Herman, Mrs. SopuHie,
Hetns, Georce L.,
HEINSHEIMER, L, A.,
HEINTZ, JOHN C.,
HEITEMEYER, CLEMENS,
Hep, Dr. R. JoHNson,
HENCKEN, HANCKE,
HENpDRICKS, FRANCIS,
HENKEL, JOHN,
HENRIQUES, Dr. H. A.,
HERMANN, FERDINAND,
HerRRMAN, Mrs. EstHEr,
Herter, Dr. CHRISTIAN A,,
Herzoc, Lewts,
Hess, SELMAR,
Hewitt, Mrs. Azra S.,
Hewitt, Hersert H.,
[Abas 10518},
Hitt, HENry,
Hitis, Mrs. Atrrep K.,
Horsrook, Mrs. F. S.,
HoipENn, Epwin B.,
Hoven, Georce A.,
Hotiins, HENry B.,
HlOrnisTEer,) EL Ele
Hort, Henry.
Homans, Mrs. Epwarp C.,
Hootey, Epwin S.,
Horr, M. G.,
Hoppin, HamittTon L.,
Hoppin, SAMUEL HowLAnp,
Hoppin, WILLIAM W., JR.,
Hosxter, H. C.,
How tanp, Henry E.,
How anon, Mrs. Henry E.,
Hoyt, CoLearte,
Hoyt, WattTer S.,
Hoyt, GERALD L.,
Hoyt, Goorp,
Hoyt, Mrs. JESSE,
HuGHEs, CHARLES E
Humpureys, Mrs. Epwarp WALSH,
HuNTINGTON, Rev. W. R.,
Hupre., J. CHRISTOPHER G.,
Hussey, WIiLiiAm H.,
Hustep, Miss M. KaTHERINE,
Hustep, Srymour L., Jr.,
HutcHins, AuGustus SCHELL,
Hutter, Kart,
Hvuyter, JoHN C.,
Hype, B. T. Bassirt,
Hype, CLARENCE M..
Hype, Dr. Freperick E.,
INcHES, GeorcE B..,
Iyams, J. T..,
INNESS, GEORGE, JR.,
INSLEE, Mrs. HELEN C.,
IsELIN, ADRIAN, JR.,
IsELIN, C. OLIVER,
IsELIN, CoLtumBus O’DoNNELL,
IseLtn, Miss GEORGINE,
IsELIN, JoHN H.,
IsHAM, CHARLES H..,
ISHAM, SAMUEL,
ilvorse, Ik, (C.
Jackson, FrepERIC WENDELL,
*Deceased.
22 NEW. YORK ZOOEOGICAL SOCIETY:
Jackson, Dr. GrorceE THOMAS,
Jackson, R. G.,
JACKSON, SAMUEL MACAULEY,
JacosB, CHARLES,
Jacos, LAWRENCE,
Jacost, Dr. A.,
Jacosus, JoHN S.,
JACQUELIN, Herpert T. B.,
JACQUELIN, JoHN H.,
JAMES, ARTHUR CURTIS,
James, Dr. Rosert C.,
James, Dr. WALTER B.,
JANEWAY, Dr. Epwarp G.,
JENNINGS, FREDERICK B.,
JENNINGS, PHILANDER R.,
JENNINGS, WALTER,
JESTER, CLAUDE W.,
Jounson, Mrs. F. Corr,
Jounson, Guy B.,
JoHNSTON, WILLIAM J.,
JoLIne, ADRIAN HoFFMAN,
Jones, H. Botton,
*JoNnEs, Mrs. JoHn D.,
Jones, Lewts Q.,
Jupson, H. J.,
Kaun, Lovts,
Kaun, Otto H.,
KALLMAN, CHARLES,
KANE, JOHN INNES,
Kane, Miss Louisa LANGDON,
Kane, S. NICHOLSON,
KeecH, FRANK B.,
Ketrey, AusTIn P.,
Kettocc, Mrs. CHARLES,
KELLY, EUGENE,
Kemp, ArTHUR T.,
Kent, Epwin C.,
KEPPEL, FREDERICK,
KEUFFEL, WILHELM,
Kipper, JAMES HatTHAway,
KIMBALL, ALFRED R.,
Kinc, Epwarp,
Kine, JAMES Gore,
Kine, Mrs. Leroy,
ISGaeKe, IN, Ie
Kine, Wittiam F.,
Kinney, Morrts,
KitcHING, FRANK W.,
Kiaw, Marc,
Kier, BENJAMIN,
Knapp, Dr. HERMAN,
Kwapp, Joun M.,
KNOEDLER, ROLAND F.,
KoHLMAN, CHARLES,
Koxzs, Gustave F.,
Koppert, FREDERICK,
KuHNE, PERCIVAL,
KunuHaArpT, Henry R.,
Kutrrorr, ADOLF,
Lacombe, Hon. E. Henry,
Lapew, Mrs. Epwarp R.,
LaGat, Dr. GEorGE,
LAMBERT, Dr. ALEXANDER,
LAMBERT, Dr. SAMUEL W.,
Lamont, Mrs. DAntet S.,
Lanpon, Mrs, E. H.,
Lanpon, FRANcIs G.,
LANE, Epwarp V. Z.,
LANE, JAMES WARREN,
IGANGES aD)»,
LANGELOTH, J.,
LANGMANN, Dr. Gustav,
LATHROP, FRANCIS,
LATTING, CHARLES P.,
LaupAue_r, I. N.,
LAWRENCE, Cyrus J.,
LAWRENCE, JOHN BurRLING,
LAWRENCE, NEWBOLD T.,
LAWRENCE, TOWNSEND,
LAWRENCE, WALTER Bowen,
LAWRENCE, W. V.,
LAVNG wi. Ds
Lepoux, Dr. Avzert R.,
Lee, Mrs. Freperic S.,
Lee, Pror. FRepERIc S.,
Lee, J. Bowers,
Lee, WitiiAM H. L.,
LEFFERTS, MARSHALL C.,
LEITNER, JACOB,
*Lre Roy, ALFRED,
LesuHer, A. L.,
LETKEMANN, H. V.,
Levy, EMANUEL,
Lewis, FRepERIC ELLiort,
Lewis, Percy Pyne,
Lewis, WapswortH RUSSELL,
Lewis, Dr. WILLIAM J.,
LEWISOHN, ADOLPH,
Lipsey, O. B.,
LIEBENAU, ALBERT,
LIEBERTZ, JOSEPH,
LINCOLN, LOWELL,
LItcHFIELD, Epwarp H.,
LitTAuER, WILLIAM,
*LIVERMORE, JOHN R.,
LiviIncstTon, Wiuiam S.,
LoBENSTINE, WILLIAM CHRISTIAN,
Lockwoop, WiLLisTon B.,
LoGaN, WALTER S.,
LonGFELLow, Mrs. FREDERICK W.,
Lowet.t, Miss CartottA RUSSELL,
LoweLL, JAMEs R.,
LUCKSINGER, JACQUES,
LuEprER, A.,
Lusk, Pror GRAHAM,
LuTrcen, WALTHER,
*Deceased.
ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 93
LYMAN, FRANK.
Lynpe, Francis E. P.,
Lynpe, Rotiin H.,
McALaN, JOHN,
McAtrin, Mrs. Cuartes W.,
McALtpPIN, GEorRGE L.,
McC urz, S. S.,
McCurpy, RicHarp A..,
McKim, Rev. HASLETT,
McKim, Joun, A.,
McKim, Leroy,
McKiInnEy, GLENN Foro,
McLean, JAMEs,
McLean, MarsHAtt,
McVickar, EpWaArp,
Mack, JAcos W.,
Mactay, Mrs. Rosert,
Macy, Georce A.,
MacEE, JOHN,
Macer, F. Ropert,
Maut, WILLIAM,
Marrs, Georce H.,
Matt, PIerre,
Mann, WILLIAM DALTON,
Mapes, DANIEL, JR.,
Mares, Ernest S.,
Marxog, Dr. J. W.,
Martinc, ALFRED E.,
Martor, Henry S.,
Mars, C. P.,
MarsHALL, CHartes H.,
Marston, Epwin S.,
Martin, Witi1aM R. H.,
Martinez, Micuat R.,
Masten, RICHARD R.,
MatuHews, THOMAS,
MartrHiessen, Miss Marte,
MAXWELL, ROBERT,
MEHL, Henry,
MEHLTRETTER, CHAS. F.,
MEeELLEN, CuHartes S.,
Meyer, THomAs C.,
MeyrowiTz, Emit B.,
Mippiesrook, FREDERICK,
MIKKELseNn, Mrs. M. A.,
pEMILHAU, Louts JOHN,
MiLBank, ALBERT J.,
Miter, Mrs. Cuartes E.,
Miter, Epwarp F.,
Miter, RosweE Lt,
MixikeENn, S. M.,
Miits, ABRAHAM G.,,
Mitts, ANDREW,
Mies, 1D),(Oy.
Mitmine, C. E.,
MircHe LL, F. KENDALL,
MircHett, H. RaymMonp,
Moencu, Hueco,
Morrat, GzorGE BARCLAY,
MontTANT, ALPHONSE,
MontTGOMERY, RICHARD M.,
Moore, CASIMIR DE R.,
Moore, CHARLES ARTHUR, JR.,
Moore, Miss FairuH,
Moore, Dr. JoHN W.,
Moore, Miss K. T.,
Moore, Mrs. W. D.,
Morcan, Miss ANNIE T.,
Morean, Miss C. L.,
Morcan, Epwin D.,
MorcGan, Georce E.,
Morcan, Georce H.,
Morcan, Mrs. J. B.,
Morcan, Mrs. J. Pirrpont,
MorGan, JUNIws S.,
Morean, Mrs. Junius S.,
Morcan, Dr. THomas H.,
Morris, Dave H..,
Morris, ForpHAM,
Morris, JOHN JAcop,
Morris, Dr. Lewis RUTHERFURD,
Morse, CuHartes H.
Mortimer, RICHARD,
Morton, A. L.,
Morton, Mrs. Henry SAMUEL,
Mort, Henry C.,
Mott, JoHN Bowen,
Mort, JorpAN L., Jr.,
MUELLER, CHARLES F.,,
Munroe, Henry W.,
MuRGATROYD, JOHN,
Myers, JoSEPH G.,
Nertson, Dr. Howarp S.,
NELSON, JAMES W.,
NESMITH, JAMES,
NEUMER, FERDINAND,
NicHors, Acosta.
NicHots, GeorceE L.,
NicHots, JoHN W. T.,
Nixes, Rosert L.,
Nose, ALFRED,
Norrte, A, LANFEAR,
NotTMAN, JOHN,
Noyes, Mrs. Henry D.,
*OAKLEY, H. CRUGER,
O’CoNNELL, MICHAEL,
OGpEN, CHARLES W.,
*OGDEN, M. C..
Otcort, DUDLEY, 2D,
OLSEN, CHar_eEs P.,
OLYPHANT, ROBERT,
OLYPHANT, Rosert M..,
OnativiA, JOHN VICTOR,
O’RourKE, JOHN F.,
Osporn, Mrs. Henry FAIRFIELD,
OsTRANDER, Miss Mary M.,
*Deceased.
24 NEW YORK, (ZOOLOGICAL, SOCIETY.
OrTEeN, Mrs. GERTRUDE,
OUTERBRIDGE, Dr. PAUL,
OvENS, JAMEs,
OverTON, Dr. FRANK,
Partnter, Dr. H. McM.,
Parmer, S. S.,
Pancoast, RICHARD,
Parsons, Epwin,
Parsons, Mrs. Epwin,
Parsons, H. bE B.,
Parsons, JoHN E.,
Parsons, WILLIAM Barctay,
PaTerRSON, R. W.,
PAUL, JOHN J.,
IPANGib WE AS On
PEABopY, STEPHEN,
PELE. STEPHEN El. PR
PeL_Tton, FRANKLIN D.,
PENDLETON, FRANCIS Key,
PENFOLD, WILLIAM HALL,
PENNIMAN, GeorcE H.,
PERKINS, GEorGE W.,
PeRKINS, Rosert P.,
PETERS, CHARLES G.,
PETERS, SAMUEL T.,
Peters, WILLIAM RICHMOND,
PFIZER, CHARLES, JR.,
PICKHARDT, CARL,
PreL, GOTTFRIED,
Pret, MicHAEL,
Prerce, Henry Cray,
PIERREPONT, Miss ANNA Jay,
PIERSON, GEN. J. FRED,
PrncHor, GIFFoRD,
PLaTT, FRANK H.,
Pratt, Miss Marion ErskINE,
PLymprton, GiiBert M.,
Poccensure, H. F.,
PoLiock, GEorGE E.,
Poor, Henry V.,
PortER, CLARENCE,
Porter, WILLIAM L.,
Post, ABRAM S.,
Post, Epwarp C.,
Post, Greorce B., Jr.,
Post, Mrs. H. A. V.,
Post, WILLIAM H.,
PosTLEy, CLARENCE A.,
Porter, Miss BLANCHE,
Potter, EpwarD CLARKSON,
Porter, FREDERICK,
Potter, Miss Martuwa,
Ports, WILLIAM Brevoort,
Pratt, GeorceE D.,
PRENTICE, JOHN HI,
PRENTISS, GEORGE LEwIs,
Prime, Miss Corne ia,
PriNcE, Epwarp S.,
Prince, Pror. J. DyNELEy,
PRYER, CHARLES,
PutTNAM, WILLIAM A.,
PyLr, JAMES TOLMAN,
Pyne, M. Taytor,
Pyne, Mrs. M. Taytor,
QuINTARD, Dr. Epwarp,
RAND, GEORGE C.,
RANDALL, FRANK E.,
RANDOLPH, EpMuND D.,
RANDOLPH, WILLIAM W.,
RANFT, RICHARD,
RAPALLO, Epwarp S.,
RATHBORNE, RICHARD C.,
RaucH, WILLIAM,
Rawtins, J. ARMSTRONG,
Reap, WILLIAM A.,
REDMOND, GooLp H.,
REDMOND, Henry S.,
REESE leew.
REIMER, Otto E.,
REINCKE, E. A.,
REINHARDT, GEorGE N.,
Reyno tps, E. B.,
REYNOLDS, JAMES Bronson,
RHINELANDER, CHARLES E.,
RHINELANDER, FREDERIC W.,
RHINELANDER, Miss SERENA,
*RHOADES, JOHN HarseEn,
-RICHARD, AUGUSTE,
RICHARD, Epwin A.,
RicuHarps, E. O.,
RIKER, JoHN L.,
RIKER, SAMUEL,
Riptey, H. Ditton,
Rrpiey, JULIAN A.,
Rrerey, Louts A.,
Rives, Georce L..,
RopBiNns, CHANDLER,
RoserTson, Mrs. Fanny P.,
RopertTson, R. H.,
*Ropins, THOMAS,
Ropinson, Ett K.,
Rortnson, G. H.,
Roginson, G. N.,
Rospinson, Henry A.,
Roprson, WILLIAM,
Rockwoop, WILLIAM H.,
Roe, FRANK O.,
Rog, Irvine L.,
ROELKER, ALFRED,
Roeser, AUGUST,
Rocers, E. L.,
Rocers, JAMeEs H.,
ROKENBAUGH, HENry S.,
RoMAINE, W. Tyson,
RooSEvELT, W. EMLEN,
Root, EL1uv,
*Deceased.
ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. D5
Rose, JoHN J.,
Ross, P. SANFoRD,
Rossiter, E. V. W.,
Roru, FREDERICK G. R.,
RoTHWELL, JAMES E.,
RoweELt, GeEorceE P.,
RUNGIUS, CARL,
Runyon, CARMAN R.,
RUPPERT, JACOB,
Ruppert, Mrs. JAcos,
RuPERTI, JUSTUS,
RUSSELL, ARCHIBALD D.,
Ryan, J. D.,
Ry Le, ARTHUR,
Sir JOHN, Reale:
SACKETT, CLARENCE,
Sackett, Miss GERTRUDE T.,
Sackett, Mrs S. E.,
SaGE, DEAN,
SacE, JoHN H.,
Sace, Mrs. RUSSELL,
Sampson, ALDEN,
SAMPSON, CHARLES E.,
SAUTER, FREDERICK,
SCHAEFER, HENRY,
ScHANCK, GeorcE E.,
ScHANG, FREDERICK,
ScHAUE, C. F.,
SCHEFER, CARL,
ScCHIEFFELIN, Mrs. H. M.,
SCHIEFFELIN, WILLIAM JAY
SCHILLING, Ropert H.,
SCHIRMER, GUSTAV,
ScHIRMER, RUDOLPH E.,
Scumipt, F. Leoporp,
ScuMitt, WILLIAM P.,
ScHNEIDER, G. E.,
ScHOLLE, A. H.,
SCHULTZE, JOHN S.,
ScHUYLER, Miss Loutsa LEE,
ScHwarz, Henry F.,
Scott, Hon. Francis M.,
Scort, WILLIAM,
ScrtBNER, ARTHUR H.,
ScRYMSER, JAMEs A.,
SEARES, Rospert B.,
SEDGWICK, ROBERT,
SEE; A. B:,
SELIGMAN, ALFRED L.,
SELIGMAN, JEFFERSON,
SETON, ALFRED, JR.,
SEWALL, FRED. W.,
SEXTON, LAWRENCE E.,
SEYBEL, DANIEL E.,
SHapiro, D.,
SHAW, CHARLES HERBERT,
SHAW, JAMEs G.,,
SHaw, WALTER W.,
SHEFFIELD, JAMES R.,
SHELDON, GEORGE R.,
SHELDON, WILLIAM C.,
*SHERMAN, GARDINER,
SHrpway, JoHn H.,
SHURTLEFF, RoSWELL Morse,
SEIGEL, JACOB,
SILLECK, HENRY G., JR,
Sitteck, Mrs. Henry G., Jr.,
SILLIMAN, HARPER,
Simmons, JosepH F.,
Simpson, JoHn W.,
Simpson, WILLIAM,
SKEEL, FRANK D.,
SxKIpMoRE, WILLIAM L.,
Stabe, Francis Louts,
SmiLey, DANIEL,
SMILLIE, CHARLEs F.,
SMILLIE, JAMEs D.,
SMITH, AUGUSTINE J.,
SmitH, F. M.,
SmitH, H. SANzornN,
SmitH, J. Henry,
SmitH, Lucius H.,
SmitH, NATHANIEL S.,
SmitH, Puitir S.,
SmitH, Rosert W.,
SmitTH, Dr. SAMUEL,
SmitH, WILLIAM ALEXANDER,
SMITHERS, CHARLES,
SMITHERS, F. S.,
SMYTH, Puitir A.,
Snow, C. G,,
SOLTMANN, E. G.,,
SorcHuon, Mrs. Victor,
SoUTHACK, FREDERICK,
SPEAR, JAMES, JR,
SPEDDEN, FREDERIC O.,
Sperr, Mrs. Cecizia M.,
*SPENCER, SAMUEL,
SPIEGELBERG, F.,
SPITZNER, GEORGE W.,
SporrorD, Mrs. J. L.,
Sprinc, Miss ANNA RIKER,
SPRINGMEYER, ALBERT A.,
Spurr, E. W.,
Sourss, CHARLES F.,
Souiss, Dr. Epwarp H.,
STAFFORD, WILLIAM FREDERICK,
SranpisH, My tes,
STANTON, JOHN,
Stanton, JOHN R.,
Starr, Lours Morris,
STEBBINS, JAMES H.,
STEERS, HENRY,
STEEVES, JOHN F.,
STEINBECK, EDWARD,
STEPHENS, OLIN J.,
*Deceased.
LS)
STERN, ISAAC,
STERN, VESTY J.,
STEVENS, ALEXANDER H.,
STEVENS, FREDERIC W.,
STEWART, WILLIAM R.,
STILLMAN, JAMEs A.,
STILLMAN, T. E.,
Stimpson, Dr. Dantet M.,
Stoxes, H. B.,
Stokes, Miss O.iviA E. PHELPs,
Stone, Mason A.,
Stone, WALTER KING,
Stout, ANDREW V.,
Strout, JosePH S.,
Stow, GEorGE G.,
STRANGE, A. B.,
STRATFORD, PRoF. WILLIAM C.,
STRAUSS, FREDERIC,
STREAT, JAMES,
STREETER, D. D., JR.,
SturcEs, Henry C.,
STUYVESANT, RUTHERFURD,
SuLLivAn, Mrs. JAMES,
SUTPHEN, JOHN S., Jr.,
SwAYNeE, Francis B.,
SWENSON, S. J.,
Taper, Miss Mary,
Tart, Henry W.,
TALCOTT, JAMES,
TATHAM, CHARLES,
Tatum, A. Hi,
Taytor, Dwicut W.,
TAYLOR, GEORGE,
Taytor, Mrs. Henry Osporn,
Taytor, Henry R.,
TAYLor, HERBERT C.,
Taytor, JAMEs B.,
TaAytor, Knox,
TAyYLtor, Lioyp,
Taytor, Moses,
TAYLOR, STEVENSON,
TENNEY, C. H.,
TrErRY, JoHN T.,
Terry, Rev. RODERICK,
THaAcHER, Mrs. Greorce W.,
THATCHER, THOMAS,
Tuayer, Harry Bates,
Tuomas, Dr. ALLEN M.,
Tuomas, SETH E.,
THORNDIKE, Dr. TowNSEND W.,
THORNE, JONATHAN,
TuHorNE, NEWBERRY D.,
THORNE, W. V. S.,
TIFFANY, Louis C.,
TiLForD, Henry M..,
Titt, BENJAMIN B.,
TILTton, JoseEPH W.,
TIMMERMANN, HENry G.,
6 NEW > YORK. ZOOLOGICAL, SOCIETY.
Top, J. KENNEDY,
Tonner
Tousry, WILLIAM,
TOWNSEND, Epwin S.,
TOWNSEND, ISAAC,
TOWNSEND, J. HENRY,
TOWNSHEND, JOHN,
Tows, CoE Downrtne,
TRAvER, A. P.,
TRASK, SPENCER,
TROTTER, WILLIAM,
TROWBRIDGE, FREDERICK K.,
Truax, Hon. CHartes H.,
Trus.tow, T. Brooks,
TUCKERMAN, ALFRED,
TUCKERMANN, PAUwL,
TurRNuRE, Mrs. ARTHUR,
TurNurRE, Geo. E.,
TWEDDELL, WILLIAM H.,
UnpDERWoop, WiLLIAM LyMAN,
UpMANN, CARL,
VALENTINE, Dr. WiLiiam A.,
VAN CorTLANDT, AUGUSTUS,
VANDERBILT, ALFRED G.,
VANDERPOEL, Mrs. JoHN A.,
VAN DER SMISSEN, Dr. G. J.,
VAN Emepureu, D. B.,
Van Nest, Mrs. ALEXANDER T.,
Van Nest, G. WILLETT,
Van Norven, THEODORE LANGDON,
Van Norden, Warner M.,
VAN PELT, Gitzert S.,
Van WINKLE, Encar B.,
VaRNUM, JAmeEsS M.,
Verpi, Miss Mary,
Victor, A.,
VIFLE, HERMAN K..,
VIVANTI, FERRUCCIO ANSELMO,
VocEL, HERMAN,
*Vorce, A. D.,
W ADDINGTON, GEORGE,
WADSWORTH, CLARENCE S.,
WapswortH, W. P.,
WacGner, H. Wm. C.,
WAGNER, OTTO,
WacstTAFF, C. Du Bois,
WarInwricut, J. Howarp,
Wa tcoTt, FREDERIC C.,
WALKER, GEORGE L.,
WALKER, GEORGE W.,
WALKER, ROBERT, JR.,
WALSH, SAMUEL A..,
WANNINGER, CHARLES,
Wargurc, PAut M..
Warp, ARTEMAS,
Warp, Mrs. GrorGe Carport,
Ward, Henry C.,
Warp, J. Q. A.,
*Deceased.
ELEVENTH
W ARDNER, HENRY STEELE,
WaARDWELL, WILLIAM T.,
WarrEN, JOHN Hopart,
WATERBURY, JOHN I.,
Watson, CHARLES F.,
Watson, Rev. J. Henry,
WEATHERBEE, Epwin H.,
Wess, F. EGERTON,
Wess, Dr. W. SEWARD,
WELLING, R. W. G.,,
WELLS, OLIVER J.,
WENDELL, Evert JANSEN,
WENDELL, Mrs Jacop,
WERTHEIM, H. P.,
Westover, M. F.,
Wetmore, EDMUND,
WHEELER, EVERETT P.,
WHEELOCK, Dr. GEorGE G.,
Wuite, ALAIN C.,
Wuite, Horace,
Waite, JOHN JAy,
Wuirte, Leonard D.,
*W HITE, STANFORD,
Waite, S. V.,
WuHite, WILLIAM W.,
WHITEHOUSE, J. HENRY,
WHITEHOUSE, WILLIAM F.,
Wauitinc, Dr. Cartes A.,
Wuiltinc, Miss GERTRUDE,
WHITING, GILES,
WHITMAN, CLARENCE,
WHITMAN, WILLIAM, JR.,
Wuitney, Miss E. C.,
WuHitrincE, F. W.,
WICKERSHAM, GEORGE W.,
WIENER, FELIX F.,
WILLETS, JoHN T.,
WittraMs, Mrs G. G,
ANNUAL REPORT.
WILLIAMs, Mrs. Percy H.,
WILLIAMS, RicHarD H., Jr.,
WILLIAMS, THOMAS,
WILLIAMS, WALDRON,
WILLs, CHARLES T.,
Witson, Dr. Epmunp B.,
Witson, GEorGE 1T.,
Witson, Henry R.,
WILTSEE, ERNEST,
WINANT, FREDERICK,
WINKELBACH, L. O.,
WINTHROP, EGERTON L.,
WinTHROP, EGERTON L., Jr.,
WintHrop, Ropert DuDLEy,
WISNER, CHARLES,
WITHERBEE, FRANK S.,
WittHaus, Dr. Runoipey A.,
Wotrr, Emre
Woop, ARNOLD,
Woop, GILBERT CONGDON,
Woop, WALTER J.,
Woop, WILLIAM CoNGDON,
Woop, Witi1AM H. S.,
Woopcock, Epwin,
WoopHousgE, J. S.,
Woopwarp, JAMES T.,
Wricut, J. DUNBAR.
Wricut, Mrs. J. Hoon,
WricuHt, JoHN Howarp,
WricuHtT, Mrs. Maser Oscoon,
Youne, A. Murray,
YouNG, FREDERICK STAFFORD,
Younc, GEorRGE W.,
YounG, JoHN ALVIN,
YouncG, JoHN W.,
Younc, RicHarp N..,
ZABRISKIE, ANDREW C.,
ZINSSER, AUGUST.
Corresponding Members
Bargour, Mrs. S. E.,
Brown, HEeErsert,
Brown, WILLIAM Harvey,
(Conmesien, (Cs Wer
Exrop, M. J.,
GoLDING, Capt, THOMAS,
GRIFFITH, WILLIAM A.,
Stone, ANDREW J.,
27
Witson, T. E.
Summary of Membership
I SSP CLO Se Nee ot tes con rc H ET ae oo ae a ee aes fee ee ae
Motak number ofl OUNGers:.,c.es> het oe ee ee
SS Me ENSSOCIAtE Ft OMMUECKS, as feet eee nae
ss es AEE ONG Ac Minas ae A Ee
a Me eifemMietnberse cc gets erate a ete ed
ise 3 Anntials Wieni bers s.' oe Sete nls ake as
EGetlboumallselasses paris Gersree se en ace et ere
*Deceased.
I8 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL, SOGIEIN
Qualifications for Reqular Membership
Annual Members ...... $ 10 Associate Founders ..$ 2,500
bite pWiembers: 42. eee 200 Hounders: 725.255 5,000
PAELONG ety se oe eee 1,000: Benefactors. &.- ss8c0r 10,000
Form of Bequest
I do hereby give and bequeath to the “NEW YorK ZOOLOGICAL
SOCIETY, "of the. City-of New, VOrk,&- es ee
; !
= i
ie
; tig
ae .
Uvad WT1Od
A
‘ae tbs
sie aie,
Roe Crk SOF
heck SE CULEVE COMMITTEE
TO THE BOARD OF MANAGERS.
HE Executive Committee of the Board of Managers of the
New York Zoological Society takes pleasure in reporting
that during the year 1906 continuous and satisfactory progress
has been made toward the completion of the Zoological Park and
the Aquarium. The scientific work of the Society still remains
somewhat in the background pending the completion of the large
amount of construction still going on at the Park. The most
important events of the year have been: The development of the
North End of Baird Court and the Concourse; and the new and
important approach to the terminus of the subway system at West
Farms now practically completed. This new entrance involved a
restudy of our original plan for this part of the Park and a large
amount of road-building and planting, together with the construc-
tion of a Pavilion and gates, and of the large Boat House on
Bronx Lake. The building for small deer has also been substan-
tially completed, although not yet opened. Plans have been made
for the remainder of the buildings in the Park, and the end of
1908 should see the end of construction on a large scale, provided
the City continues to maintain its present liberal attitude towards
the Society.
During the past year the attendance at the Zoological Park
reached the total of 1,321,917, being an increase of 88,390 over
the attendance of 1905. These figures relate to the fenced por-
tion of the Park, and do not include the visitors to the area lying
east of Boston Road and to Bronx Lake, which has become a
favorite resort for visitors during the summer.
The attendance at the Aquarium for the year 1906 has been
the largest in the history of that institution, and reached the enor-
mous figure of 2,106,569, which is 380,399 more than last year,
and represents an average daily attendance of 6,040. Since the
original opening of the Aquarium, it has been visited by 17,103,-
328 people. The total annual cost to the City for the maintenance
of the Zoological Park and for the Aquarium is about 5'% cents
per visitor.
32 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
The membership of the Society on January I, 1907, was as fol-
lows:
I GNCTACEOLS Hoe. (esc aceqe ra ec eR eee Ate 5
Rounders’ 2:toe 225 sts a aes ae meee 20
EXSSOCIAte OUNCES aia me Sceaicie es ore 10
PAttONS +. ticle ae eae ee ie eet meee 44
hate sWMembersa,. craic cess ee eee 195
Amnualy Menibers: 42.42. ae ene eee 1,293
1,567
FINANCES.
Animal Fund.—During the year the Animal Fund has been
increased by gifts amounting to $10,250.00 and by $14,204.64
from the Park privileges. This last account would have been
greater except that a large portion of the proceeds from Park
privileges has been retained in order to supply the equipment
needed for the new Boat House. During the year there was
expended for animals the sum of $23,039.71, leaving a balance
of $1,355.16 on January I, 1907.
Income Account.—The Income Account still remains insuffi-
cient to meet the increasing needs of the general purposes of the
Society. There appears to be no way in which this fund can be
increased except by the establishment of an Endowment Fund,
which the Committee hopes will ultimately be provided. An
increase in the membership list would also result in an increase in
the Income Account, and it is hoped that all the members of the
Society will do what they can to accomplish this.
General Fund.—The General Fund shows a balance of $6,039.-
32, and has been but little used during the current year. It is
hoped that this fund will be increased during the year by some
substantial gifts of money available for the general purposes of
the Society.
Ground Improvement Fund.—There has been expended during
the year from the Ground Improvement Fund $163,479.09, leav-
ing a balance available of $313,580.32, most of which will be used
to construct the Elephant House. With the approval of the
Mayor, an application has been made to the Board of Estimate and
Apportionment for a bond issue of $500,000, $250,000 to be issued
during the year 1907, and $250,000 to be used during 1908.
Maintenance of the Zoological Park.—The amount provided
ELEVEN DEH VANNUAL KEPORT- Or
wey
for the maintenance of the Park for 1906, $144,905, has been
barely sufficient to maintain the Park during the year. The needs
of the Park during 1907, owing to the completion of the Small
Deer House, and the opening of the new Entrance Pavilion, and
to the general increase in the Collections, will tax the resources
of the Society heavily, as the City has seen fit to decrease the
amount appropriated by $3,406.25, leaving as maintenance for
1907 only $141,558.75. Your Committee is not informed of the
reason of this decrease, but assumes it was due to a lack of ade-
quate knowledge of the needs of this Society.
Maintenance of the Aquarium.—The amount appropriated for
the maintenance of the Aquarium for 1906 was $45,000, which
has proved sufficient with close economy to maintain that institu-
tion during the year. The same amount has been provided for
1907.
Aquarium Improvement Fund.—During the year the Aquarium
Improvement Fund was drawn on to the extent of $8,622.89, and
it now appears probable that we can complete the necessary altera-
tions to the Aquarium and have a small balance on hand.
In the Treasurer’s report, detailed statements of the different
accounts are set forth at length.
IMPORTANT GIFTS TO THE PARK.
The most important gifts during the year have been: One hip-
popotamus, presented by Mr. Samuel Thorne; an African rhinoc-
eros, presented by Mr. Frederick G. Bourne; five sea-lions, pre-
sented by Mr. Jacob H. Schiff; one pair of black bears, presented
by Mr. Emerson McMillin; one pair of black bears, presented
by Mr. E. H. Harriman; one pair of black bears, presented by
Dr. A. B. Duel; one pair of jaguar cubs, presented by Mrs.
Arthur Curtiss James; two manatee and two Florida crocodiles,
presented by Mr. A. W. Dimock; five buffalo and five elk, pre-
sented by Mr. T. D. M. Cardeza. A number of smaller gifts have
also been received during the year, a full list of which will be
found on page 113 of this report.
PUBLICATIONS.
During the year the Annual Report and four quarterly Bulle-
tins have been published and sent to all the members of this
Society, together with an edition of the Guide Book. An entire
new Guide Book, brought fully down to date, is now being pre-
34 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY:
pared, and will be published and sent to the members early during
the year.
NEW BUILDINGS AND INSTALLATIONS.
The Glass Court, which is really an addition to the Bird House,
was completed during the year, filled with small birds, and opened
to the public early in October, 1906.
The Small-Deer House, occupying the site of the old Antelope
Range, west of the Antelope House, is nearly completed and in
all probability will be occupied about May 1.
Baird Court.—The western and northern boundary walls, bal-
ustrades and approach steps to Baird Court have been entirely
completed, and the sloping Italian Garden will be prepared and
planted during the Spring. Contracts for the pavilions and gates
at the entrance to the Concourse itself were awarded during the
year. The work is now under way and will be completed early
in the Spring.
The Feed-Barn and enclosing fence have been completed and
the work shops and storage yards are now entirely screened from
view.
At the Boston Road entrance, the retaining wall and plaza, the
entrance pavilion, and all the walks connecting with the Antelope
House and Buffalo Range have been completed, together with a
large amount of planting. The Public Comfort Building on
Boston Road was partly finished, but owing to an irregularity in
the contract between the City and the contractor, work was sus-
pended. The building, however, will be completed during 1907.
The Boat House has been finished and will be ready for use
early in the Spring. The upper floor of this building will be used
for a restaurant, and will largely increase the receipts of the
Privilege Account. A large amount of miscellaneous construc-
tion work has been done, the details of which will be found in the
report of the Director of the Park.
PLANS FOR 1907.
The most important building remaining to be constructed in
the Park is the Elephant House. Plans for the building have
been carefully studied during the year and are now in the hands
of the Park Department, and a contract for the construction of
this building will be awarded at an early date.
Plans have been prepared for a zebra installation, to occupy
BEEVENTEH ANNUAL REPORT. 35
the site of the old Caribou Range, which will contain, when com-
pleted, a large collection of Equidae.
Plans for the Administration Building, to occupy the northeast
corner of Baird Court, are nearly completed, and the contract
for it will be awarded as soon as funds are available for this pur-
pose. This building, when completed, will be the headquarters
of the Society, and will contain a collection of paintings and a
library available for public use, under proper restrictions. It will
also contain the Collection of Heads and Horns referred to
below.
Carefully studied plans for the Biological Laboratory, to
occupy a site near the present Service Building, are now ready
and only await the necessary funds to be placed under contract.
EAST SIDE EXTENSION.
Plans have been prepared for the newly acquired addition to
Bronx Park to the east. These plans involve a series of roads
and paths connecting with those of the Zoological Park. A re-
adjustment of boundaries on that side of the Park will probably
be necessary.
ANIMAL COLLECTIONS.
The animal collections at the Park have been greatly increased
in numbers and in value, notably in the Department of Birds. At
the close of the year the Park contained 3,624 specimens, being
an increase of 753 specimens over the year of 1905. The total
number of animals represents 808 species, while last year the
total number of animals represented 656 species. The number of
species and specimens in the different departments are as follows:
Mammals ......... 620 specimens 189 species
Bit Sap ng rea ceca 2,104 i AGI >
Reptiles and
Amphibians .... 900 7 13 Saale
plhotallsoe ca see 3,624 7 818
At the very close of the year the Society received a young male
African rhinoceros, purchased for the Zoological Society at
Mombasa, East Africa, by Mr. Richard Tjader, and by him
brought to New York.
3 NEW YORK, ZOOLOGICAL. SOCIE LY
MEDICAL DEPARTMENT.
The Medical Department during the year continued to show
the results of its careful organization. The death rate has been
held down to what appears to be its normal amount. There have
been substantially no deaths among the important animals of the
Park. Of course there is a certain amount of loss in any Zoo-
logical Park, owing to the fact that a considerable number of
the specimens are naturally short-lived.
FORESTRY DEPARTMENT.
Under this head, reference must be made to the large amount
of planting that has been done in the Park, amounting to 12,450
shrubs and 6,135 trees. Careful effort has been made to repro-
duce the original forest flora in the Zoological Park. Mr. James
L. Greenleaf has continued to give this Society the benefit of his
advice, and Mr. Merkel, the Chief Forester, has ably carried out
the plans of the Committee. Efforts to save the chestnut trees
were made during the year, but without notable success. In the
other forested areas of the Bronx no efforts were made to con-
trol or eradicate that disease, and it is feared that the Cytospora
will ultimately destroy all of our chestnut trees.
GAME PROTECTION.
The work for the protection of game, an important feature of
the work of the Society, was done under the Department of
Game Protection, with Mr. George O. Shields as chief game pro-
tector. A special report of the work of this department will be
found elsewhere in this report.
The National Government has accepted the Society’s offer of
a buffalo herd, to be placed on the Wichita Forest Reserve. Fif-
teen thousand dollars was appropriated for fences and _ other
improvements, and a contract for the work was closed in Novem-
ber. Active construction is now in progress, and the Range will
be ready for occupancy early in the coming Summer. The but-
falo presented by the Society will be shipped next Autumn.
THE NATIONAL COLLECTION OF HEADS AND HORNS.
The Executive Committee has determined to establish, under
the auspices of the Society, a National Collection of valuable or
record heads and horns, realizing that the time is fast approach-
ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 37
ing when it will be no longer possible to obtain notable specimens
of heads, antlers and horns of our large game animals. ‘This
collection will be located in the new Administration Building.
As a nucleus, Mr. Hornaday has presented his entire collection,
which is the result of many years’ careful work and numbers 131
specimens, as follows:
SHCE ues esos Pe ae aan ayn eanenenae 19
bexesu andes Goats. teste cule eee ane 8
Caribou Moosesand Weenies a. joer re 36
PAN TINS (0) Oleh Riana ra Ph ARR 5 POR TAU Seat eRe REE 3 44
SOM. DaktalOes, ang. OtlWensmr ers acl oe 21
Sig aS Seas UGes wre rac aaa kre ee an ad ie eae eee 3
131
It is hoped that the members of the Society, and sportsmen gen-
erally, will from time to time present to the Society notably fine
specimens, which will be properly exhibited. It is the intention of
the Society to show a complete set of each type of heads of each
species of large American game.
PRESERVATION OF BRONX RIVER.
During the year the Society obtained the appointment of a
Commission to consider the possibility of the preservation of the
entire Bronx Valley from Bronx Park to Kensico Dam, under
the Chairmanship of the Secretary of this Society. This Com-
mission has reported to the Governor in favor of the proposed
parkway, and expects to obtain during the year of 1907 legisla-
tion which will make possible the creation of a parkway fifteen
miles long, affording complete protection to the river and its
banks. This done, Bronx River can be saved for the uses of the
Zoological Society for all time.
NEW YORK AQUARIUM.
During the year the work of improvement at the Aquarium
was continued. New boilers and a ventilating system were
installed, and the long continued work of replacing the rusted
out iron pipe with new lead lined pipe went on. As soon as the
new lead lined pipe is completely installed, the storage reservoir
can be placed in commission and this much needed improvement
made available.
NEW. YORK ZOOLOGICAL? SOCIETY:
Ju)
0 @)
The most notable addition during the year were two Manatees,
a 400-pound Loggerhead Turtle, seven specimens of the Giant
Snapping Turtle of the lower Mississippi River, averaging 80
pounds each, two large Tarpons, which were taken in pound nets
in New York Harbor.
The exhibits of fishes and other forms of aquatic life were as
extensive as the number of tanks in the building permitted.
Owing to the use of all the available space, no further addition
to the collections is possible.
The fish-hatchery was operated as usual as a_ fish-cultural
exhibit, and large quantities of young fry were turned over to
the State Fish Commission.
OBITUARY.
The Committee has lost during the year two of its Patrons, Mr.
A. Newbold Morris, who had maintained for many years his
interest in the Society, and Mr. Philip Schuyler, who was a
member of the Executive Committee from the beginning, and
whose loss was felt all the more keenly because his death was
the first break in the ranks of the founders and organizers of the
New York Zoological Society.
The action taken by the Executive Committee upon the loss
of Mr. Schuyler follows at the end of this report.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.
The Committee desires to express its appreciation of the con-
tinued devotion to the interests of the Society of the Director of
the Zoological Park, and of the Director of the Aquarium. Mr,
Hornaday’s serious illness during the year, from which he is
now happily fully recovered, brought home to the Committee the
full appreciation of his importance and value to this Society.
The staffs of both the Park and the Aquarium have been loyal
and devoted to their work, and the Committee desires to take
this opportunity to express its sense of appreciation. The Com-
mittee desires also to acknowledge the courtesy and _ interest
shown by the Mayor, Hon. George B. McClellan, and by the
Comptroller, Hon. Herman A. Metz, and to the Hon. Moses
Herrman, President of the Park Board. During the various
changes in the Commissionership of the Park Department for the
sorough of the Bronx, the members of that department have been
uniformly helpful and friendly toward the work at the Park, and
ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 29
special acknowledgment is here made to Commissioner Joseph I.
Berry, to Mr. Martin Schenck, Chief Engineer; Mr. William P.
Hennessy, Assistant Engineer, and Mr. G. K. Ackerman, Chief
Clerk, who have continued to be helpful and friendly, and this
Society desires to record its appreciation of their co-operation.
Respectfully submitted,
CHARLES T. BARNEY, Chairman.
HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN, Percy R. Pyne,
MADISON GRANT, WILLIAM WHITE NILES,
Joun S. Barnes, SAMUEL THORNE,
Levi P. Morton, ex-officio.
January I, 1907.
Jn HMemortam.
By the tragic death of Mr. Philip Schuyler
on Thanksgiving Morning, November 29, 1906,
we habe lost one of our oldest, stanchest, and
most beloved friends; a member of the Society
from its organiation; elected on May 14, 1895,
a member of the original Board of Managers,
and elected a member of the Executive Committee
soon after its organisation; serving on the Com-
mittee for eleven pears; lopal and confident of
success, even in the early days of doubt and
difficulty, his memory deserves our gratitude,
and the gratitude of the City of New York. May
he always remain fresh in our minds and hearts
as a perfect example of a Christian gentleman,
public spirited, and devoted to his country, his
city, and his friends.
PACONATIONALSCOLEECTION: OF HEADS
AND HORNS.
OTWITHSTANDING the existence of game laws, and the
constant efforts of many persons who believe in the protec-
tion of wild life, it is an undeniable fact that, in nearly all parts
of the world that yet are inhabited by large animals, the creatures
of horn, hoof, and claw are rapidly disappearing. [In Alaska,
the finest hunting ground possessed by this nation, we regretfully
admit that the existing game law appears to have availed very
little in checking the appalling slaughter of moose, caribou, and
mountain sheep.
Although in Africa the English are doing their utmost to con-
serve their remaining stock of large hoofed mammals, in the best
game districts it is practically certain that the various species are
being killed more rapidly than they breed.
But for the timely and thoughtful efforts of the Duke of Bed-
ford, Pére David’s deer, of Manchuria, would have been com-
pletely exterminated, actually before our eyes, five years ago.
To-day, not one living specimen remains save in the Woburn
Park herd of His Grace.
In view of facts such as the above, it has seemed to the Secretary
of the Society, and the Director of the Zoological Park, the im-
perative duty of American sportsmen, zoologists, and taxider-
mists, that a complete and perfect collection of the heads and
horns of the world’s ungulates should be formed in America,
without delay. In viewing the whole situation, it has seemed
desirable that the Zoological Society should accept the ownership
of such a collection, in case it is formed, and assume the duty of
maintaining it acceptably and in perpetuity.
Accordingly, the creation of a great collection, to be national
in the scope of its founding, has been seriously proposed ; and the
title chosen for it is “The National Collection of Heads and
Horns.” It is believed that the sportsmen and naturalists of
America will be found willing to form the collection; and the
New York Zoological Society, by a formal resolution adopted on
December 20, 1906, by the Executive Committee, has decided
to accept, maintain, and suitably exhibit the collection. On the
date mentioned, Mr. Hornaday presented to the Society, as a
49 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SSOCIE DY.
nucleus for the proposed collection, his private collection of 131
heads and horns, representing 108 species. A list of the species
contained in this gift is published herewith.
As an evidence of his keen interest in the success of this under-
taking, Mr. Charles T. Barney, Chairman of the Executive Com-
mittee, purchased and presented to the Society (at a cost of
$2,500), the magnificent pair of world’s record elephant tusks
which reached the Zoological Park on February 4, 1907. In
length they far surpass all other tusks ever known to have come
from any living species of elephant, and in curve and symmetry
they are remarkably beautiful. The longest tusk measures eleven
feet, five and one-half inches, the other eleven feet, and the weight
of the pair is 293 pounds. They are from an African elephant,
and it is reported that they once were owned by King Menelik, of
Abyssinia, who presented them to a European political officer.
They were offered for sale in the London ivory market, were
bought by Mr. Rowland Ward, from whom they were purchased
by the order of Mr. Barney.
In every respect these astounding specimens—which scarce can
be credited until seen—are fit to start a national collection.
It is proposed that the collection to be formed shall include
two series of specimens, one to be arranged zoologically, the other
geographically. It is intended to collect not only heads, horns, and
tusks, but also game records and photographs. At first the collec-
tion will be installed in the picture gallery of the Administration
Building, and exhibited under proper restrictions, but it is rea-
sonable to suppose that later on it will be housed permanently
in a building specially erected for it.
Naturally, the standard of acceptance will be made sufficiently
high that only particularly fine specimens will be admitted to the
exhibition collections, so that any sportsman may fairly regard it
as an honor to be represented in the National Collection.
M. G.
W;-T.. Ei
Treasurer’s Reports.
For THE YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 31, 1906.
The annual expenditure of the various funds ts shown in the appended statements.
@eneral Fund.
SAshetiMreaStby. Jatlanry. 1, TOOO.. sates ng ss een Sen td nue eee $9,856
RECEIPTS.
Salle OF AGENT IPMN Soanaccancosccsnbadccoc0 obese 172
$10,028
EXPENDITURES.
PNERORUIUET IE EVM LGACIOIS 4.2.8 had s Scher as ote mcd Ate nt oteoniere onan $210
lineonne JACcomin: (ANENIGIGC) <aedenessdeodececcesvonuelctonece 3,000
PAE Clave CLS © OMISSIONS vere een etree ree eerie a diel Acree ots 778 2
Cashtel vance December sine lQOOm i ea ee eee 2 6,039
$10,028
H. R. MitcHett, Percy R. Pyne,
Chief Clerk. Treasurer.
January I, 1907.
44
64
00
44. NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAE SOCIEDY.
Income Account.
Gashmine reasunysm) amitializya lees OOO rarer
RECEIPTS.
Lifesmembershipe 5 rise cee ace eee
Amnmaital i WES picts coke ee Re Ce ee CRC.
Stokes: bird! stund73-. 2 3-264 see ee eee ee
AGUATIUITY ac sein h eects Gee ee Ee
ANGELA jOIIKERMAOIMNS sodsccotoscdmotcoseoos
Generaliitindas Ciransicts maser eee
EXPENDITURES.
Si
SN oe oe
18,686 52
$18,687 64
SAMOMeny BinGl @iNES Shes saccccudocsuocoscuc $7905 59
PF VabEEN Eke OME" GS aot os some oSee dost poe Soon ooaEe 2,429 58
(Cemeral OuneS-ESISNSES. soc ndossakecocnssosunnocos 1,881 05
\lbstl oy el eager iss oe AA Re Ce ae aerN ere Ceara 319 16
Mailing cinculansmeer cries tet ara ace ee eee 774 67
Miscellancousmexpensesm see eee eee een ee eee 2,534 26
Pinoyorerrajns anol SHGES .4n50200edcoso presen oaodsos 923 16
Whichitambtttalomiiencdiecy sen rasntcciecte taeaeeaee: II2 49
Dreasunerssoticeiexpenses) sees aee ae eee 510 29
Secnetanyasersall atayuesy treet esate wafer: eee on eee awn. 4,000 00
Officenturnituneyp cee tes ae ke ee Eee 59 50
Mitseumiesip pliesiseaaeee sree sp eae terial eee ee 48 13
Gamesprotectionmacce tesa wee tees 1,240 26
I ahifs ESTE. AS: ates meh Aeneid Resto caer ieee see aA elt aS en a 821 62
IB uilletiiratadese tccer toto cases cere ac ne ees ee ees O51 14
Employers snitisurances Saar o. cece ee ee ee 439 88
Publications ton umMembersueeeereecce cee aera 36 82
LENOKTIME Our INCEOUINS 456.044 6000 acne socndecodaanedecs 150 00
[iniis taipenra Ces oat meyer eget are TAR SRO a, ee ERO RENE Waa DN os 253 23 $18,280 83
Cash: balances December 21, 19060 4.2200 0ne on eee 406 81
$18,687 64
Hi. R. MircHett, Percy R. PyYNE,
Chief Clerk. Treasurer.
January I, 1907.
BER VEN DE “ANNUAL REPORT:
Animal Fund.
asiaine Dreastiy.. jantieny De OOO. oe 8 ecto wicns een nue.o- es ere wie
RECEIPTS.
Special Subscriptions:
Oliver aynes ce sere cera cnr ae $1,000
Same lealinonimel sc ssemcesc ore alert eicns 3,000
IDA Ce iBleiie So écceacsavdooes 250
GeonstemWerbakenaern qcce acer 1,000
iL 12S IMIG ior Gowen eucmoronses 500
Ge Pe Dieterichin ssw ooareens 250
Glevelandiiiss Dodgvemnn na. seme 500
bispenarde Stewaktesres. see eee 250
Georgem Cem Clarkotn Sis 52 e-ctere 250
IMiorinS IK. JJ@Ntiy Aes Bobooeebosods 250
Receipts at Park:
JACITISENOMISEN do Sic oo ona aeons 8,132
Checkin omer: ccsseniha ieee eG 39
IRRES AES teres ce RG CRMC crise ar non Pere 673
Miiscellamecotsmemeie sericea ceca: 201
BOG Ce eRe rien sree core leach 1,525
Salewonsamimcals wersreetetvceyse iar ee 1,042
nivale xemaccountuc neers ce: 2,500
EXPENDITURES.
Purchase of Animals:
IVifsirrntmall Spero areas eye ears sea es $14,269
iclsteetre re treet ciate Gin ic eit: 5,237
ep tile Steere tateaton erect rs ikea ahs 1,505
Traveling and other expenses
Express and other charges
H. R. MitcHeE tt,
Chief Clerk.
January I, 1907.
Cash balance; December 31, 1906........2....
FANS a ONECO)
NINE on O71
45
$2,940 23
$7,250 00
14,204 64 21,454 64
$24,304 87
21,011 63
444 64
1,583 44 $23,039 71
1,355 16
$24,304 87
Percy R. Pyne,
Treasurer.
46 NEW YORK :ZOOVOGIENE SOCIE EN:
Maintenance Fund.
RECEIPTS.
Received from the city on account of main-
tenance appropriation of $144,965 for the
Var dese ee Oa eee peice oe $127,910 31
Balance due from the city on account of main-
CELATTCE. ae etek OR are eee ore eee 17,054 69
$144,965 00
Generaleadministration epee ee eee e eee enone $13,390 92
Maintenance of buildings and care of animals... 39,475 406
Maintenance and care of grounds .............. 40,959 49
Roolsrandwhardwaneweree nares. rece see eee 3,164 94
Paints andmoilsiey a. cence rare: ere exe ee 2,418 05
Officessuppliessandeprintineseea eee eee eee 876 36
FREPAUES et esa ee ee ee eee 449 92
Relephonessenvicesandetollcme re enaenee eee 844 22
Rostage telesrapheandvexpnessmen eee creer 997 70
Moodiior aniinalsey sects acto se caid oee roe ets 26,269 18
IED ISS Soe era nh secoad Grrl OreNroee od SR ea ae eee cae 4,904 66
Driosmandemecdicimesmaceerase tices erence creo: 257 21
im Deir es ar ere IN Ae oe ae ae 1,450 63
NIGGER NEOUS SuMUES coscobogssnoucgocoucccoose 432 36
Mirani Sump ohieSs. Loococouccocsenoccousoens0005 824 17
EXectricelighitingweas seston cans nicer oer oe oor 2907 41
Oficesiuimnittinesandehioxtines) sce cee ees 300 51
eiesaeinaker eiioval TaN, Go oscocungoocadecooddoncecc Fun Us
DiNiMESiINS- GUNES Goncocodoubecscocdoodsucus 37 61
anlitOrsmsupplleS semis eacus onan ces Seeeteree ee 432 25
Glasswandwelaztercisupplicsen eee ee 146 69
Sanitation ere oew ye Minera arn a eer 4909 39
lonsesaamdaiviemiclesmanty saaccceutiernlemiciece racine 975 97
Telephone and electric supplies ............... By
Ribbergehtose wey perce rg ees ae ne ee oe eee 280 50
MCN Green eres enka ees Cee CREO Ire 314 56
Medical attendance (employees) .-............. 248 50
INtIESE1yeSUpplieSia aces ne eye em Meare 142 61
INfrmmaeray Guorelkc ayn! GEEGIS Socdocecudncadcoogvecce 105 53
MedicalMattendances (animals) ese eee ae eee 460 00
IMIS eyaah tkoorr GOWN Sosonbocécsoccoccoscooee 61 78
rintommseandse bad eseean setae eenececaeerent ae een 9032 25
Pairk i Daskels® Me 3s Poa ter eer nich etre rs ery eee 175 00
Surgical instruments and‘appliances ........... 83 42
Sand Bera ect es rE A ee eerie 165 00
PanksbenGhes A 26te tec cecriec ete ie ont eens ore 755 25
RrapiakOCks sce aotearoa 992 00
Signs and slabels* et Gare ae oe ioe co eae Oe 94 60
aE $144,965 00
H. R. MircHELtL, Percy R. Pyne,
Chief Clerk. Treasurer.
January 15, 1907.
ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT.
Ground Jmprovement Fund.
RECEIPTS.
Unexpended balance of appropriation No. 3, brought forward,
Appropriation by Board of Estimate and Apportionment:
Avanlinle Jw, GOL sobscevocdesbucoouce
NvallablemMVlavemelOOSm creator caer citer
AAAI MERE TIOOY bccsoosocccoucc oer
Premium on bonds, to December 31, 1906.......
EXPENDITURES,
Through Park Department:
Contract, Conrad Hewett, Pheasants’ Aviary
Contract, George L. Walker Co., Glass
(Constr: BininGlaloeiser See cerciac atari eo
Contract) John Ve Schacter Jn Com Baird
(ClOWDUGLEL rat aot nares cueua een I cance ac eee ann a
Contract, Guidone & Galardi, two Toilet
IBibillahinyncy eet mace Seals meets ReneS
Contract, Peter Kiernan, Camel Elouse....
Contract, Wright & Son, Feed Barn........
Contract, J. J. Buckley, Public Comfort
[SHOWIIGUTAYes Nereida ate Sols eee Ce a OMe aie ger
Contract, Guidone & Galardi, Small Deer
Ta 11S Clean ae re RN hea, Merge ten Pact:
Contract, William Horne & Co., West Farms
iiimamee IPeymillorn sosocescacbaséancece
Contract, Granite Steps near Bear Dens....
ContrachajohneR] Kane Cor Cement... 25:
Contract, Brown & Fleming, Broken Stone
Contract, August Bans, Sewer Pipe........
Contract, David E. Kennedy, Installing
Electric Cablestee sacrive oe eee ee
Contract, Leslie McHarg & Co., Terrace
Weill gingl Jee za Sens go¢cdcadsacodeoc
Contract, Guidone & Galardi, Boat House
Contract, John V. Schaefer, Jr., Co., Con-
(COATS IMAEINCS Coe deouacwe opnn nee ode
Contract, John V. Schaefer, Jr., Co., Con-
course and West Approach to Baird
Counties es teeter a ty
ment
=
the Zoological Society:
Pheasant Smgavilateys gee encase eee
INCCONSELUCLONNO ta Walksp ere sen ease sense eee
Horestuyandsplantingamttre teeta
Gian dasa sapere eet hoe ante a eel aK
Ostrich and mammal house walks and
STA TCG Sheen cate sea esc rent a BCH ea ea Pa A
$275,000
275,000
250,000
$19,546
24,199
67,000
8,385
2,800
15,316
5,600
41,543
5,008
1,569
993
7437
333
1,999
4,770
34,235
22,108
4,568
$2,113
16,706
38,536
4,429
1,757
$63,542
00
oO
0O
oO
0O
09
00
0O
00
0O
00
00
NI UuI1NI
be Ou
42
67
03
25
30
67
47
4,100 42
800,000 00
10,183 70
$814,290 12
$303,683 35
48
NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL
Garried@tonwand®: nce sce ee Se ee
Miscellaneous ground improvement items...
Electricucondttitsss joe ecee eee Eee
Baird Court boundary and concourse......
Small Deer House Walks and Yards......
North Eendvor Bands Counteesre- emer.
Improvements North of Lake Agassiz......
New WalkseS anne rine one een anes
Souther Soundanyeeucemeys rae ee
MiomoblouSe: rool meer acer arse ree
Public Comfort Station east of Bronx River
Bird COUse merc ecco erence eee
Sea THionspoolizrs oe oceereceeeeeCne eeee
Buffalo range grading and seeding .........
Improvements east of Bronx River ........
Eexcavatin ga llalkeguncaSSIza eee eerie
Grading Elk range and filling pond........
Moxrtorse <yardSya wince oe eon ee eee
Beavers Londepiperlinemss trite aie aeias
Wiereail IDese- Sines sgancsdaconsaussoos o4
Moving Buffalo House and corrals.........
Niewrishopees ccm auras aera raters center ae nt
WV CSET TRIMES TMCS, coccododasagbcococss
Sialoigene [Dimiinee Jka 55.55 acadacnconaee
Restauranteasteps wmetarerisns etic eee
andscapemanchitecttincmrnenn ee ann nee seer
Boston Road Public Comfort Station......
Reedabannyeandtsyand eee se eee
Camel) House yards and! fences =... 4.-.-.-
Sugeillll IDs INeMSS space sus steacd own s56 boos
Boatgilouseeme. ssemmnee see eee ee
FLGOMM Gates ey eee onc eici tee ole ee
Senuicesroadmextencronue nnn seinen cite
Wee Raisins) OO chs.csessdeorodeunceastee
Wiaternslimestonbeardensternarecsaremacces sae
JOURS) YS SINE oa cake ae Rea eee
(ConcouLse= sntrancemerntr aera eee ee
Balance available for expenditure, December
BTR UIQOO me Caey. POE TY ee ee
Joi oe Gens 05) 01 OR
Chief Clerk.
January I, 1907.
SO CERIN:
$63,542 67
14,680 50
393 83
1,300 00
8,684 49
7,901 31
6,276 99
15,774 OI
5,060 12
672 00 197,026 45
BR ee trae 313,580 32
$814,290 12
Percy R. Pyne,
Treasurer.
BEE VEN Dee ANNUAL REPORT. 49
Aquarium Jmprovement Fund.
RECEIPTS.
Balance of $40,000 Appropriation as per Report of 1905.... $8,604 64
Bremntuimsmaccount salerOtubomdS ae ecoe. ceimcre semirae ae ee 1,289 02
$9,983 66
EXPENDITURES.
Through Park Department:
5S
Lead Lined Pipe Co., Lead-lined pipe...... $5,995 00
W. J. Olvany, Measurements of pipes........ 200 09
Barney & Chapman, Commissions.......... 299 75
IPicgimens 1K, ItOreGl, Stub ocoweouded soneosw ec 20 00
Weeleeleawlomelinstalllimos pieces setae onerl sees 190 00
Winite=é& Eisenmann, Bolts; sete...,.+.425.5.-. I2 50
White & Eisenmann, Bolts, etc............. 157 62
John Spence, Jr., Plumbing and installing
leadelinedRpimecen men anil. ccc 1,097 00
Barney & Chapman, Commissions............ 54 85
ANnemnclnodl Ge INGO, (GAS WEIS, 6.5650050550- 125 00
John Fox, Repairs to water heater.......... 465 00
PaneicoMl, Clanicir 1drakesineSr. soncaecascooanomoa- 210 90 $8,827 62
Balancemayallable for expendituness 42 +4522. ..s45h 2.6. see - 1,156 04
$0,983 66
E. R. Sampson,
Disbursing Clerk.
January 1, 1907.
50 NEW “YORK = ZOOEOGICALSOCiIEY:
Aquarium Fund.
RECEIPTS.
Received from New York City on acount of Aquarium
ANDRO TENNKOW MOM MOO gaa onoascdnrasendsoadsocos $45,000 00
EXPENDITURES.
Pav =rOlls can: statics ener Ooo pee ORS eee $30,178 57
Coat tor Bae en acre antares eee 5,397 O1
/NieTANTOMS “ANNI. IRGMEITS 4. o500¢dsc0b cosceoooens 2,693 51
GeneralySupplicst ora ee pee ce tia aoe kee 1,056 33
Lue) Olgstl eCOYOXG ltaea eee ds cae Maitre nek in ea ran res Beri od 1,830 77
LE tVEX SPECIMENS yr ean oer i eee 1,407 35
incidental Exp ensesmnaeer rier ire rie ine 425 96
(CRIs GALLE Sri A artes Bea oe ats SOs aan AEP eS 771 60
lectriculb ight mane orion cca eae oe 308 60
telephones S envi Geass series ei ee eee ecie 146 30
TCS eA Speicher CST GS eos eoiede aie Claes eee EG 54 56
Sisioomeny ginal IciinINe 5 ococogeconccdbuencocscac 63 05
Uiminiornims aindl GCaAMS scccisousndsdecobobconsadvobe gO 50
Bnmitume a sercennc ner seria Siierape drone stan ite eh ertetve 143 88
Cartagen Gaishcansrandadebigs)) eee eenaeneirreene 416 06
Booksistory oil t ata varscersc etcetera cictoss rcketegens iors 3 60 $44.987 71
Balance sunexpend edi semen cac ee cede lie cere ee eee [2 20
January I, 1907.
We certify that the foregoing statements showing the condition
of the various funds of the New York Zoological Society on
December 31, 1906, are true exhibits of the accounts.
The items comprising the expenditure of $303,683.35 on the
Ground Improvement Fund No. 4, as well as the items amount-
ing to $8,827.62 under Aquarium Improvement Fund, were dis-
bursed by the Park Department. As this money did not pass
through the books of the Society, the items have not been veri-
fied by us.
THE Aupir CoMPANY OF NEw York.
New York, February 14, 1907.
.
f
a
we
dias aks
‘ Qh ahot
7
PAD delle ele NEM eNO Ase SIs) ely
REPOR Ors Es DIRECTOR
OF THE
ZOOLOGICA PARK.
URING the past twelve months, the progress and pros-
perity of the Zoological Park have continued unbroken.
The usual number of permanent improvements were made, the at-
tendance was the largest yet recorded, the animal collections were
notably increased, the health and longevity of the animals sur-
passed all expectations, there were no epidemics, no accidents
to visitors, and only one accident to a keeper.
If the same degree of progress in internal* improvements con-
tinues for two more years, the public will then be treated to the
unusual spectacle of a great zoological institution practically com-
pleted within ten years from its inauguration. In succeeding
pages will be found a full list of the improvements completed dur-
ing 1906, and another of the new works begun.
During the four months’ illness and absence of the Director,
from April 25 to September 1, the admirable management of the
Zoological Park was a most effective testimonial! of the personal
efficiency and loyalty of the entire corps of officers.
ATTENDANCE.
The attendance of visitors during the year showed the usuai
increase, and reached the highest point yet attained. Even yet,
however, there appear to be a vast number of people in New
York City who are not aware that the Subway to West Farms is
the best means of reaching the Park. Thousands of visitors who
desire to go to the point nearest the Zoological Park are landed
at the Botanical Gardens.
The attendance for the past two years is shown by months in
the following table.
Month. 1905. 1900.
RII or Ss ee a 23,788 48,721
LEG Dine BC Vera anes eee 20,969 44,500
NUTS r(G) 8 Rae are Goce mae 48,508 52.754
5A NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SSOGIE IY:
Month. 1905. 1900.
HEN Op gt) Bana See cope c, Sais pea PPS 120,611 141,630
May t Sacre Screg is eae ee 179,590 165,942
Rog Vanes em acas Facer et rs Sash ak 139,301 148,504
rete socom ce eae ents ee 147,596 154.358
ENIOMSE Wars. topcase 152,901 151,383
Seplembeta-yyaeeeete eee 133,146 220,804
OCtoWete sa seen sie eee ct 144,542 85,795
November ys) canaries 720,994 75,075
Deceniberts ars acreae 43,722 31,585
Notas: taskane se eee 12335525 1,221,007
Tnierease LOf SOO ma forge Meee eee 88,389
HEALTH OF THE ANIMALS.
One year ago, it was stated that the extremely small list of
deaths during 1905, must be regarded as unusual, and that so light
a record of mortality could not reasonably be expected in succeed-
ing years. Fortunately, it is possible to repeat that statement, and
apply it to the year 1906. During the past twelve months, the
most valuable animal lost by death was a Markhor, worth $500,
after which the other losses sank in value to very small figures, per
capita.
In the Lion House, there were no deaths.. In the Primates’
House the most serious loss was a newly-arrived baby chimpan-
zee. In the Antelope House, which contains a collection worth
to-day at ruling values, at least $41,000.00, there was not one
death. In the Ostrich House, we had the misfortune to lose two
ostriches and two cassowaries. Among the smaller birds, of
which the number on hand is very great, the deaths of the small
and short-lived species were seemingly numerous, but in reality
the daily average for such a collection was very low. Among
birds, as among mammals, the largest, the most important, and
most valuable specimens are the ones which live longest.
SIZE OF THE ANIMAL COLLECTION.
The close of 1906 found us in possession of 3,624 living crea-
tures, of which 620 were mammals, 2,104 were birds, and goo
were reptiles and amphibians. The total number of species rep-
resented was 818. In view of the number of rare and zoologically
important species included in these figures, it is reasonably certain
that to-day there exists but one zoological garden whose animal
ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 5S
collections as a whole surpass those of the New York Zoological
Park. While this institution was founded and dedicated to zoology
in no vain-glorious spirit to out-do existing institutions of a sim-
ilar character, we may at least be allowed to rejoice in the fact
that the Zoological Society’s plans to do justice both to the people
of New York City and the living creatures of the world, have been
prospered to the extent described. In view of the war of anni-
hilation that is now being waged nearly everywhere against the
wild creatures that still inhabit this gun-cursed earth, it is impos-
sible for zoological gardens and parks to become too numerous,
or too great.
DEPARTMENT OF MAMMALS.
William T. Hornaday, Curator; Raymond L. Ditmars, Assistant Curator.
Early in 1906, the Mayor, the Board of Estimate and Board of
Aldermen approved the Society’s application for funds for an
Elephant House, and without delay steps were taken to secure the
animals which it will accommodate. To-day the Antelope House
is half filled with the elephants, rhinoceroses, a hippopotamus and
tapirs, which presently will migrate to the new building, and a
corresponding number of valuable African antelopes are tempor-
arily crowded out.
As in many other matters pertaining to our supply of animals,
the Society has been exceedingly fortunate in securing rarities for
the Elephant House, precisely when it most earnestly wished to
have them. It is our understanding that despite the constant
demands of showmen and zoological gardens, during the past ten
years only four African rhinoceroses have reached the northern
hemisphere alive, and of these two were secured last year by our
Society. Both our animals were captured very near to the south-
eastern arm of Lake Victoria Nyanza, which is called Speke Gulf.
The first specimen, a fine female born in the early summer of
1905, was purchased of Mr. Louis Ruhe, of this city, at a cost of
$5,000.00
Our second specimen, a lusty male born in July, 1906, was
purchased for us in Mombasa by Mr. Richard Tjader, of New
York, and by him landed in New York, in excellent health, on
December 31, 1906. The cost of this specimen was $4,531.50, and
it is the gift of Mr. Frederick G. Bourne. On the journey from
Africa. this animal was very skilfully managed and cared for by
Mr. Herbert O. Laing, of the American Museum of Natural
History, who is entitled to much credit for his success in bringing
D6 NEW, YORK .ZOOLOGICALSOCIERY:
his odd charge across the Atlantic in midwinter, and landing it
in perfect health. There is good reason to expect that this pair of
rhinoceroses will eventually breed here.
During the summer of 1906, our female rhinoceros developed
a swelling in the muscle of its left lower jaw, which eventually
became so obstinate and troublesome that a severe operation
was necessary to open the affected part quite to the bottom. The
operation was entirely successful, and did not in any way affect
the health of the animal. In January, 1907, the drainage opening
closed naturally, and the whole affected part is now healed.
A fine young male hippopotamus, now three years old, was pur-
chased of the Park Department of the Borough of Manhattan,
and safely installed temporarily in the Antelope House, wherein
a pool had been provided to meet just such a contingency. This
very desirable specimen is the gift of Mr. Samuel Thorne, and its
arrival is most opportune. With the addition of a pair of young
East African elephants, which will be delivered during the coming
spring, the collection of animals for the Elephant House will be
quite assured.
The flock of five white mountain goats, procured in British
Columbia, in October, 1905, remains intact, and in perfect health.
All of these animals are growing about as rapidly and satisfac-
torily as wild animals of the same age, and unless the low altitude,
and the dense, salty air of New York eventually causes a prema-
ture physical breakdown, they soon will be sufficiently mature to
breed. The buffalo herd, the European bison, the ell herd and all
the Asiatic and tropical deer are, without exception, in fine condi-
tion. The Asiatic deer are breeding so rapidly as to cause some
embarrassment, for it is difficult to sell the increase as rapidly as it
is produced. The following is a list of the most important births
in the Mammal Department during the year:
MAMMALS BORN IN 1900.
t Grizzly bear, 2 AiseDeets
1 Syrian Bear. 2 Sika Dees:
3 Buffalo. 5 Red Deer:
1 Grant’s Zebra. 2 Fallow Deer.
t Angora Goat. 4 Mule Deer.
2 Spanish Ibex. 2 Barasinga Deer.
3 Elk. 1 Malay Sambar Deer.
1 Altai Wapiti. t Indian Sambar Deer.
T Pidis Weer 5 Eskimo Dogs.
40 Specimens.
ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 57
A summary of the mammals living in the Zoological Park on
December 31, 1906, is as follows:
Primates= <... =: 30 species. 83 specimens.
GarivGta. ... 8 "60n, + 149 =
Pinnipediat.2.. | te ates 2
Redentia, 5.20. 20a oes 12 "
Wnasulatas 2.\:)% (oy) bat 236 *
Marsupialia —“..2 ~9 4p 2
Bdentata ss. 2 cs 4 ‘-
MOtalace-)s <a nOOl) Ss 620 %
DEPARTMENT OF BIRDS.
C. William Beebe, Curator.
In this department the leading event of the year was the as-
sembling of a large collection of North American song-birds in
an addition to the Large Bird House, which is known as the Glass
Court. The thirty-nine large cages of that structure provided
accommodations for a great number of passerine birds, and they
were promptly filled. The song-birds previously quartered in
the noisy parrot-room of the main building, and handicapped by
their screaming neighbors, were removed to the new cages,
where they were able to exercise their powers of song. Of the
nineteen families in the Order Passeres, eighteen are repre-
sented by living specimens, the majority of which are ranged,
by Families, in zoological sequence.
There is cause for satisfaction in the fact that on December 31,
1906, the Zoological Park. contained living examples of 26
Orders of Birds out of the total 31 Orders. The net increase
over the bird collection of 1905, is 136 species, and 549 specimens,
making a grand total of 2,104 specimens. The birds of the United
States are represented by about 170 species, of which about
70 belong to the Order of perching birds.
Throughout the year, the collection of wild geese was made a
special feature. A representative series was installed in the Ducks’
Aviary, for which large descriptive labels were prepared and dis-
played. The series contained seventeen species out of the world’s
total of thirty-five species, and it attracted much attention.
The owl collection was enriched by the addition of a fine pair
of giant eagle owls, and also tawny, Cape eagle, horned, and
grass owls, and European little owl. Other important additions
58 NEW “YORK: ZOOLOGICAL S@GCEAIN.
consisted of five young frigate birds from Mexico, weka rails from
New Zealand, several rufous tinamous, brush turkeys from Aus-
tralia, quail doves, Wonga-Wonga pigeons, thicknees, maribou
storks, red kites, a bataleur eagle, chattering lory, alpine chough
and Himalayan finch.
The most serious loss of the year was the old California condor,
which died from swallowing a rubber band, administered by
some visitor. By great good fortune, a second specimen had been
purchased and received in the collection a few days previous to the
tragedy. The new bird, “General,” which, from the egg up, was
studied and photographed by Mr. W. L. Finley, is now protected
from the treacherous public by two screens of wire mesh.
In September, First-Keeper Stacey arrived from London with
a very fine consignment of birds, chiefly in exchange from the
London Zoological Society’s Gardens, and it is hoped that other
exchanges with that institution may be effected.
Among the gifts received during the year, special mention
should be made of five flamingoes from Mr. James McLaughlin,
ten Curacoa birds from Captain Edgar A. Holmes, a white gyr-
falcon from the captain of the steamer “Furnessia,” and a Euro-
pean curlew from the captain of the steamer “Oscar II.”
The Curator of Birds has greatly advanced the labeling of the
bird collection as a whole, by the production of many descriptive
labels of large size, and maps of distribution. For some of the
latter, a special copper frame has been designed and made by
our workmen, with very satisfactory results. A series of twenty-
two large descriptive labels of important avian [amilies has
been printed and framed, the majority of which have been placed
in the Glass Court.
The health of the birds generally has been excellently main-
tained. It is well understood that, in every vivarium which con-
tains hundreds of smali and delicate birds, many deaths must
occur each year. As with the mammals, however, the largest and
most important specimens are the ones which live longest; and
the deaths among the tiny species are not noticed by the public.
The general extent and richness of our bird collection is well
shown in the following summary :
BLEVENTH
LIST OF BIRDS ON HAND DECEMBER 31, 1906.
Orders
Rheiformes,
Struthioniformes,
Casuariformes,
Tinamiformes,
Galliformes,
Columbiformes,
Ralliformes,
Podicipedidiformes,
Lariformes,
Charadriformes,
Gruiformes,
Ardeiformes,
Palamedeiformes,
Pheenicopteriformes,
Anseriformes,
Pelecaniformes,
Cathartidiformes,
Accipitriformes,
Strigiformes,
Psittaciformes,
Coraciiformes,
Trogones,
Coccyges,
Scansores,
Piciformes,
Passeriformes,
26 Orders
wine lel .ejlenvemal (exe, ke: (elie) Lb obese! es) egelke) elle fee) o\16)elerm (ei velle
ONIN UATE REE ORE
59
Species. Specimens.
FRI CASE - Mattias ett es
Emeus and Cassowaries.
‘(Pavaet aa Git Salaun oe wea
Quail and Pheasants.....
Pigeons and Doves 23.2":
Coots and Gallinules.....
Grebes
Gullstand Werns® 25). 9..2-
Plovers and Sandpipers. .
Cranes Seniema ya.) o27
Ibises, Storks, and Herons
Screamers
Flamingoes
Swans, Geese, and Ducks
Cormorants and Pelicans.
New World Vultures....
Hawks and Eagles; Old-
World Vultures ......
@) wilisee as ae tee thet Sic
Parrots... Nidacawse and
CockatOOsace. se ee
Kingfishers and Horn-
101 a fae Fe thade we
ABEOSOMS eee Mo nee
@uckoosme eae soe
Toucans
Woodpeckers
Thrushes, Sparrows, and
Cr OCMC OO non:
aim elie ices (entene setts:
all Perching Birds... ..184
DEPARTMENT OF REPTILES.
Raymond L. Ditmars, Curator.
nN bo
bo
Se
OS - ©
aH OmwOtn
The Lizard and Tortoise Yards at the eastern end of the Rep-
tile House, and the extra-hot compartments within, have proven
very successful.
installation was a favorite feature with visitors.
hibited outside, during the warm months, the big tropical lizards
Throughout the warm weather of the year this
Here were ex-
60 NEW YORK “ZOOLOGICAL, SOCIEMN
and various species of tortoises, the latter ranging in size from
specimens six inches long to the ponderous giant tortoises from
the Galapagos and Aldabra Islands. Here, for the first time in the
Park, it was possible to properly exhibit the iguanas, monitors,
and tegus which, even in the best indoor cages, are compara-
tively dull and listless. Placed outside they soon become quite
different creatures, rushing about at surprising speed, and dis-
playing all the ferocity, cunning, and hunting instincts of the
warm-blooded beasts of prey. When naturally and unreservedly
displayed, their habits are in marked contrast to many former
records of these creatures, from which it would seem as 1f many
of those records had been based on theories, only. In our sunny
yards, with the large iguanas enjoying practical liberty, we
have noted that they are by no means “largely herbivorous.” They
are markedly carnivorous, sometimes even inclining toward can-
nibalism; and for this reason we are careful to stock our yards
with specimens of almost uniform size.
To add to the natural aspect of the Lizard and Tortoise Yards,
a small cedar tree was planted in the iguana enclosure; and on
sunny days it was decorated with clusters of the South American
and Mexican tree iguanas, singularly striking in their display of
various shades of green. Some large cacti and other plants of a
similar nature furnished hiding places for the smaller species that
live chiefly upon the ground. During the cold months all the
lizards and tortoises are kept in the glass-covered annex of the east
end of the Reptile House, where a generous supply of heating
pipes, and diffused sunlight throughout the day, maintain a high
temperature.
The collection of crocodilians has grown substantially, not only
in the number of individuals and species exhibited, but in the
size of the specimens. Observations on the growth of these rep-
tiles have been of much interest, and that subject is treated at
length elsewhere in this volume. The ten-inch alligators installed
in the Reptile House at the opening of the Park, over seven
years ago, have constantly and rapidly increased in growth. The
specimens first outgrew their section of the turtle crawl, after that
a lobby cage, then a double lobby cage, and finally the large tank
at the east end of the Reptile House on the main floor.
Last summer they were placed outdoors, in the rock-bound
pool formerly occupied by the sea-lions. In this commodious pool
they basked in the hot sun, and grew until the approach of frosty
weather, when an embarrassing situation was presented. It was
discovered that these alligators had outgrown all available ac-
ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 61
commodations, and as a last resort a sort of mezzanine floor, of
wire, was hung in the northern end of the large alligator pool in
the Reptile House. Fortunately, a few of the individuals have
attained such size and strength as to enable them to hold their own
among our largest crocodilians, and through these our main
exhibit of large specimens has been materially strengthened.
While no species of special importance have been added to the
collection of non-venomous snakes, a considerable number of poti-
sonous serpents, new to our collection, have been placed on exhi-
bition. Among these may be mentioned a representative series of
African vipers, which, while strikingly sinister in form are gen-
erally decorated with the strangest of patterns, combined with the
richest colors imaginable. Two of the most interesting of these
African snakes were brought to this country from the Congo
Free State, by Mr. Samuel P. Verner, who transported one of
them in an ordinary basket for a distance of about five hundred
miles, despite the hysterical complaints of his superstitious black
carriers.
REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS ON HAND DECEMBER 31, 1906.
Species. Specimens.
ISlictoiniaeic te tn eo mien. 34 194
AG neCKCt ie ass acest Roeder tate: veh tdotieg 4 55
BA Cenalla es. chins cities aaes oe See 16 150
(O\00] SULA wc erat eee aera eer 69 312
PAMAMIUMNUEA. Bae cart anes i pseateneee es Sek ote oS 15 183
TROVE take ee ese eee er aie eee 138 goo
The total census of the Zoological Park collections at the end
of 1906 is as follows:
SUMMARY OF COLLECTIONS.
Species. Specimens.
IVE ATINIadeH SS oe ese obs ten tals, ceo s Sones ee 1&9 620
HG | eRe a ee gre ce See ec aoe ee 491 2,104
INE ptllestess Wear. = tees oot et cons 128 717
ENA MIDAS ere eee coals vito terest sek 15 183
Boral ees cath, Ni a eee Sh 818 3,624
IWmenease Oven LOOS mh soe 5. 161 757
62 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL> SOGIETY:
GROUND IMPROVEMENTS UNDER THE DIRECTION OF ZOOLOGICAL
PARK OFFICERS.
Hermann W. Merkel, Chief Constructor and Forester.
The work accomplished under this head marked an important
advance toward the final completion of the internal improvements
of the Zoological Park. Several forces of men, under experienced
foremen, were throughout the working season diligently em-
ployed in the very numerous tasks of miscellaneous construction
which were of such a nature that they could not satisfactorily be
performed by contract.
Completion of the Service Road.—The long-contemplated sec-
tion of the Service Road between the Rocking-Stone and the
Buffalo Entrance was at last undertaken, and carried to satisfac-
tory completion. It is by far the best piece of road-making in the
Park. In order to carry the route down the steep eastern slope of
Rocking-Stone Hill, it was necessary to run through the Buffalo
Corrals very near the north end of the Buffalo House. The
engineering was very satisfactorily accomplished by Mr. Beer-
bower. To prevent washing on the steep hillside, flat concrete
gutters, with a raised outside rim, were combined with tar-
surfaced Telford macadam, and the finished result may well be
taken as a model for park roads in such situations. Naturally, the
new connecting link is of great advantage to the business interests
of the Park, and in addition to that, it is used by a majority of our
visitors, in preference to the stone steps near by.
The Buffalo Corrals—The invasion of the original Buffalo
Corrals rendered necessary a complete remodeling of the accom-
modations for our American bison—now numbering thirty-four
head. To meet the new conditions, on a permanent basis, a spa-
cious new corral and two small yards for ill-tempered individuals,
were constructed immediately south of the old corral, and in front
of the long, open shed hurriedly erected in 1905. Around these
enclosures, and also around what remained of the old corrals, new
fences were erected, on heavy steel posts. The unpaved surface
of all these corrals and yards was covered with Telford macadam,
thoroughly drained, and the whole system of yards was put on a
first class and permanent basis. At the same time, advantage was
taken of the opportunity to erect a chute in which to capture and
crate animals that are to be shipped away.
Yards Around the Small-Deer House-——Owing to the many
difficulties presented by the slope of the ground surrounding the
Small-Deer House, it was deemed advisable to follow the same
BLEVENDE ANNUAL “REPORT. 63
course which had proven so satisfactory in developing the yards
of the large Antelope House on ground equally difficult. The
Executive Committee decided that it would be best, and also most
economical, for all work in connection with the outer enclosures
of the Small-Deer House to be performed under the daily personal
supervision of the officers of the Park. Immediately upon the com-
pletion of the walls and roof of the building the grading began,
and was completed in sufficient time that the concrete coping, and
the macadam of the entire eastern series of seventeen yards, was
finished before the arrival of freezing weather. Not only that,
but all the steel posts for those yards were set, in order that
the erection of the fence panels and gates could proceed during
the mild weather of winter and early spring. At the earliest
possible moment in the coming spring, work will begin on the
western series of yards, and it is our intention that by July 1,
or earlier, they also will be completed. Meanwhile, the com-
pleted eastern series will be occupied by animals now on hand, in
storage.
Fences and Gates.—To meet the peculiar demands of the small
hoofed animals, the fences, partitions, and gates of the corrals
described above demanded careful consideration. After much
experimenting the Director and Chief Constructor finally pro-
duced two entirely new types of fences and gates, and it is be-
lieved that they will successfully meet the wants of this peculiar
situation. The two fences consist of new combinations of netting,
coiled spring wire, iron rods, and structural steel, designed to be
satisfactory to the eves of the visitor, safe for the captive animals,
adequate protection against sharp horns, yet no obstruction to air
currents in-hot weather. At a later date these fences may be
figured for the benefit of all persons who are interested for prac-
tical reasons.
Owing to the practical difficulties involved in making the iron-
work to fit the sloping ground, and for other reasons, it has
been found advisable to make all these fences in our own work-
shop. The metal work for the eastern series of yards has been
produced both expeditiously and economically, and is now ready
to erect. ;
The West Farms Entrance Plaza, excepting the cut-stone
wall and steps, was constructed and paved by the Park construc-
tion force; and the stone for the retaining wall also was selected
and delivered on the ground by our men. This improvement
required 3,700 yards of filling, and 12,000 square feet of paving.
The brick wall around the Feed Barn and Service Yard was
64 NEW “YORK, -ZOOLOGICAE, SOGIE FY.
erected partly by the Park force, and partly by James Henderson
under a smali contract for laying the brick. The walls, pilasters
and gate-posts are capped with green tile to match the roof of the
barn, and the whole effect is very satisfactory. The wall varies in
height from seven to nine feet, and its total length is 800 feet.
The erection of the new barn rendered it possible to remove a
large assortment of unsightly temporary sheds, after which all
the ground surrounding the barn was macadamized, and surfaced
with tar. The completion of the barn and its enclosing wall have
made a great change in what previously was an unsightly spot.
Antelope Shed.—The temporary presence in the Antelope House
of two elephants, two rhinoceroses, one hippopotamus, two tapirs,
four zebras, and a wild ass, all belonging in other buildings, has
had the effect of crowding out of that building a number of valu-
able antelopes. To carry the latter through the winter, it became
necessary to erect in the Service Yard, with all possible haste, a
shed about seventy feet long, and finish it before cold weather.
This structure was rushed into existence, and is now serving a
very important purpose. From end to end it is filled with valu-
able tropical animals which rightfully belong in the Antelope
House, and which will return thither at the earliest possible
moment. ye
Western Boundary Fence.—€Early in the year a new boundary
fence was erected along the western side of the Park, from
Pelham Avenue to 182d Street, a distance of about 3,000 feet. As
usual, this fence consisted of extra heavy steel wire attached
to heavy steel T-posts set on the stone retaining wall, or in con-
crete.
Work on Baird Court—The completion of the northern wall —
and steps to Baird Court rendered it possible to finish the surface
work on the north end of the Court, above the Sea-Lion Pool and
Fountain. The walks on all that area were paved with Telford
macadam, and tarred on the surface. The grass plat was filled in
with top soil and graded, and around the space which lies between
the Lion and Primate Houses, about 650 feet of granite coping
were set. The sloping garden received about 500 cubic yards of
top soil.
Beaver Pond Pipe-Line.—The plan for supplying a good
stream of water from the Bronx River into the head of the
3eaver Pond, undertaken in 1905, was completed in 1906 by the
erection of a stone dam across the old raceway below the water-
fall, and laying from it to the hydraulic ram about fifty feet of
twelve-inch cast-iron pipe. When this was finished, the ram was
PLAZA AT BOSTON ROAD ENTRANCE.
View Directly South, Before Planting Was Completed
PLAZA AT BOSTON ROAD ENTRANCE.
View Directly South, After Planting and Terrace Wall were Completed.
66 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
immediately started pumping a three-inch stream of water into
the head of the Beaver Pond; and this has continued automatically
ever since, save in midwinter. The result is a great improvement
in the quality of the water in the Beaver Pond, and the creation of
a desirable running brook traversing the lower end of Beaver
Valley.
Water Supply at Bear Dens.—For several years past, the sup-
ply of water for cage-washing purposes at the Bear Dens has
been very inadequate, due to a feeble source of supply on 182d
Street. To remedy this difficulty permanently, a line of two-
inch pipe 400 feet long was run from the four-inch water main
in front of the Reptile House eastward to the Bear Dens, by which
there has been secured at the latter point a pressure of forty-five
pounds per square inch against thirteen pounds per inch pre-
viously. This also gives an increased supply of water at the Res-
taurant and Buffalo Corrals.
Tar Surface on Walks.—Our method of tar-coating the sur-
face of walks has been found so successful and satisfactory we
have resolved to treat all our macadam walks by that process. In
1905 it was not possible to apply tar to the surface of all the
walks that were constructed during that year. The process is
necessarily somewhat slow, and can not be hurried with accept-
able results. This branch of work was taken up as early as the
season would permit and continued throughout the year. To
facilitate the work, a surface burner was purchased and used as
occasion demanded. During the year 28,000 square feet of walks
were surfaced with tar and half-inch stone, and rendered properly
smooth, frost-proof, permanently dry, and free from an objection-
able quantity of dust.
With the important thoroughfare known as Osborn’s Walk,
from which the whole surface of fine screenings had been worn
off, leaving the walk unpleasantly rough, a new experiment was
tried. The walk was swept free from dust, a coating of hot tar
was applied upon the irregular surface, the half-inch stone was
applied in a thin coat, and it was saturated with tar. The bond
thus made proved quite effective, and the success of this experi-
ment will lead to other work of a similar kind. The principal
walks re-built, or re-surfaced, were Osborn’s Walk, Pheasants’
Aviary Walk, and the two walks leading from the west and
north to the new Boston Road Entrance.
Near the Service Building a new walk and road combined was
built to connect Beaver Valley with the Service Road, at the Rep-
tile House. This connecting link is much used by visitors.
ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 67
“West Farms Block.’—For convenience this name is applied to
the recent addition to Bronx Park which was made at West
Farms. Owing to the fact that its surface lies well below the
level of the Boston Road, which bounds it on the west, a very con-
siderable amount of filling is necessary to bring its surface up to
an acceptable grade. During the year about 5,000 yards of soil
were hauled to this spot and disposed of to the best advantage ;
but even with this, much more work remains to be done. Work
on this feature will be taken up actively in the early spring. Much
of the stone for the entrance walk that is to be built there is
already on the ground.
The Large Buffalo Range, from which, as a sanitary measure,
the top soil was removed to a depth of six inches, was worked over
and seeded down with red-top—a grass which it is believed will
be better for the buffaloes than the unwholesome mixture of old
grasses which originally covered the range.
Miscellaneous Items.—Of the very large number of minor per-
manent improvements carried out during 1906, mention should be
made of the following :—
Several thousand yards of top soil for the sides of the Con-
course have been hauled and stored at the eastern end of Cope
Lake.
A flight of steps forty feet wide was built at the Fordham
Entrance, because of an important change in the level of the street.
Cages for breeding birds were built around the outside of the
Breeding House, situated near the Aquatic Birds’ House.
A water gate, of iron and wood, was built and hung under the
Pelham Avenue bridge, to protect the interior of the Park.
A concrete root-cellar was constructed in the Nursery.
Two new drinking fountains were installed—near the Fox Dens
and the Aquatic Birds’ House.
Important alterations were made in the Pavilion lunch-room, at
the Rocking-Stone Restaurant.
Concrete floors were laid in all the deer houses not previously
provided with them.
The following figures give a summary of what was accom-
plished during 1906 on some of the lines mentioned above:
Wialks=sutiaced agith tar <0.) s2 28,000 square feet.
Walks resurfaced with stone....... 17,000 _ -
ie wrewralksx Dita nts. a. 3 sce Sees acces 3,200 *
SERVIC GAGS tenis skews ne ve eters 3,600 % ‘<
New fences: erected’... 4.5: WKS 2.850: lineal, 4
68 NEW “YORK sZ@OLOGICAL = S@CIE iy:
Planting —The most important item of planting accomplished
during the year was the screen of tall red cedars placed by con-
tract between the Boston Road Entrance Plaza and West Farms,
under the direction of Mr. James L. Greenleaf, Consulting Land-
scape Architect. Some very necessary planting was done on the
islands and shores of Lake Agassiz. The rhododendron groups
along Beaver Valley Walk were strengthened, and the border
plantations along the western and southern boundaries of the Park
were increased by the addition of many new conifers.
The summary of plantings for the year shows additions to the
extent of 2,035 trees, 12,450 shrubs and vines, and 4,100 peren-
nials. These are now generally in excellent condition.
Insect Pests —During the year 1906, 11,194 tent caterpillar
nests were found and destroyed, against 40,300 in 1905, a de-
crease of almost 75 per cent. Three hundred and fifteen cocoons
of noxious insects were collected, against 700 last year. Ovyster-
shell, San Jose and other scales are now rarely found, due largely
to the thoroughness with which spraying was accomplished by our
machine.
The results obtained by spraying the chestnut trees were not so
good, and it is now feared that all but a few of these trees—not
only in the Zoological Park, but in all this section of the city—are
doomed. The forester has kept close watch for immune trees, so
that seed may be gathered from them, but so far he has been
unable to find a single specimen.
Several egg-masses of the Mantis religiosa, or praying mantis,
were hatched, and about eighty young specimens were liberated.
Eggs and cocoons of other predaceous insects will be collected,
and the insects liberated.
Forestry.—Six hundred and twenty-five trees, including the
chestnuts, were pruned and treated. Thirty-five dead trees were
cut out and removed, as against two hundred last year, appar-
ently proving the value of previous care.
The general maintenance work of mowing lawns, edging the
walks, the care of the thousands of newly planted trees and
shrubs, and the mulching of lawns with about 400 loads of fer-
tilizers, was also done by the forestry force. A larger number
of men were employed this year than heretofore, and the improve-
ment in the Park as a whole was noticeable.
Good Order.—Notwithstanding the fact that during the past
year there were eight arrests and convictions for offenses and
depredations committed in that part of the Park lying east of the
Boston Road, the crowds that thronged that region during the
ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 69
summer months were, as a rule, orderly and quiet. The boisterous
element was not nearly so troublesome as heretofore.
Forest Fires.—The matter of forest fires is one which will have
to be more vigorously dealt with in the future—probably by haying
more watchmen on crowded days, and also by securing the arrest
and conviction of persons who either carelessly or maliciously
cause fires to be started. In the dry days of autumn, it is not an
uncommon occurrence for our force to be called upon to extin-
guish from twenty to thirty fires in one day, some of which are
lighted with malicious intent.
Shooting.—The shooting of Zoological Park birds and squir-
rels now seems to be a thing of the past, as no arrests for this
offense were made in our grounds during the year. On the whole,
the problem of controlling the rowdy element seems to be satis-
factorily solved. This is due in a great measure to the persistence
and faithfulness of Special Officer Van Benschoten.
CONTRACT WORK IN GROUND IMPROVEMENTS.
Conducted under the direction of the Park Department for the Borough of
the Bronx. Martin Schenck, Chief Engineer ;
W. P. Hennessey, Asst. Engineer.
Small-Deer House-—The most important building erected in
1906, was designed to accommodate a large number of small
tropical deer, antelopes, and gazelles, such as now are rapidly
accumulating. It has become well nigh an impossibility either
to house in winter or properly exhibit in summer the delicate,
yet very interesting small hoofed animals of the tropics and
sub-tropics, without a special building. Accordingly a spacious
structure 156 feet long by 46 feet wide was planned to occupy
the open space immediately west of the Antelope House, origi-
nally known as the Prong-Horned Antelope’s Range. A contract
for this building, which is to be called the Small-Deer House, was
let in 1905, to Guidone & Galardi, at a cost of $41,543. Work
began very early in the spring, and by the end of December the
building itself was complete. The cage work of the interior is
now going in, and the installation will be ready for use about
May 1, 1907. As previously stated, all the work on the yards
and fences surrounding the building is being performed by a
force of men under the direction of the officers of the Zoological
Park.
TIOUSE,
eR
)
“
SMALL-DI
ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. Fa
Walls and Stairways of Baird Court.—This contract was let
in 1905, to the John V. Schaefer Company in the sum of $67,000,
and a beginning was made in that year. Work was prosecuted
throughout the working season of 1906, and the contract was
completed in October.
The Feed Barn, erected by William H. Wright & Son, was
completed in the summer of 1906, and immediately occupied. Its
cost was $15,316, and it forms a most valuable addition to the
plant necessary for the economical maintenance of the Park.
The Glass Court, which is really an addition to the large
Bird-House, specially designed for American song birds, was
completed by the George L. Walker Company, at a cost of $24,-
199, and occupied in September with a very full collection of
birds.
Two Toilet Buildings, east of the Bronx River, were com-
pleted early in the spring, by Guidone & Galardi, at a cost of
$8,385.
The Public Comfort Building on the Boston Road, near the
Boat House and new entrance, suffered a misfortune. In the
belief that the contract awarded to Mr. J. J. Buckley in 1905 was
generally satisfactory, Mr. Buckley promptly began active opera-
tions, without waiting for the formal approval of the contract by
the Law Department of the City. After a considerable amount
of work had been performed, the Corporation Counsel decided
that because of the adjournment for one week of the meeting of
the Park Board on the date set for the opening of bids, the con-
tract was invalid, and a reletting was necessary. This unfor-
tunate circumstance delayed the erection of this building for an
entire year. It stands to-day as it was left by Mr. Buckley
when the contract was disapproved; but a new contract was let
in January, 1907, and work will recommence early in the spring.
The Entrance Pavilion at the new West Farms Entrance was
not completed in 1906, but it will be ready for use early in the
“opening of 1907. This contract is with William Horne & Com-
pany, and the amount, without the registering turnstiles, is $5,008.
Pelham Avenue Entrance, Concourse, and Western Approach
to Baird Court.—A contract in the sum of $58,379.50, which was
awarded in October to the John V. Schaefer, Jr., Company, em-
braces three important improvements, which, when completed,
will mark the practical finish of the northern end of the Zoological
Park. The new entrance is intended to admit carriages and
automobiles, as well as pedestrians, to the Concourse, by which
to approach the broad stairways at the north end of Baird Court.
Te NEW YORK -ZOOLO@OGICALT (SOC inv:
The new western approach leads from Bird’s Valley Walk to
the stairs which rise to the level of Baird Court at the western
end of its transverse axis. All three of these very indispensable
improvements should be completed in 1907.
The Granite Steps at the Bear Dens, leading up to Rocking-
Stone Hill, were completed by John Fury in the autumn of 1906,
and are a very satisfactory piece of work.
The Retaining Wail and Balustrade, a massive structure of cut
stone to support a terrace about seven feet high, was constructed
across the north end of the West Farms Entrance plaza, by
Leshe McHarg & Co., at a cost of $4,770, and completed promptly
in 1906. As noted elsewhere, the construction and surfacing of
the plaza itself was performed under the direction of the officers
of the Zoological Park, by the Park improvement force.
MAINTENANCE.
Mr. H. W. Merkel, Chief Constructor; Mr. E. H. Costain, Asst. Forester
and Captain-of-the-Watch.
As the size of the whole Zoological Park establishment in-
creases and the number of buildings and collections multiply, the
demands for maintenance become more numerous and more
urgent. Thanks to the fact that, with few exceptions, all the
improvements made have been of the most substantial and per-
manent character, thus far the annual outlay for repairs to build-
ings has been small. The time will come, however, when the an-
nual budget for repairs will require consideration.
The work of keeping the whole Zoological Park in clean and
acceptable condition is really very great. Necessarily it requires
a large force, and in that force we may fairly count quite two-
thirds of the men and boys employed in the Park. Aside from
the immense amount of hard labor involved in caring for the
animals, and in keeping their quarters clean and wholesome, the
labor of mowing, and of sweeping and clearing up the litter left
by great crowds of visitors, is really very great. In order to
lessen the cost of handling waste paper, dry straw, and luncheon
refuse, it seems absolutely necessary that a small crematory
should be established in some central situation, to save the cost
of the long haul to the nursery.
I regret to be obliged to report that the maintenance fund
appropriated for the support of the Zoological Park during the
ELEVEN@H- ANNUAL “REPORT. 73
year 1907, 1s not sufficient to meet the demands that must be made
upon it. The great increase that was made in the bird collections
during 1906 has correspondingly increased the cost of the monthly
food supply. In addition to this, another mammal keeper must
be engaged forthwith, and two gatekeepers must be added to the
maintenance force, early in the coming spring. The new Small-
Deer House also involves expenditures which can not be evaded.
Notwithstanding all this, however, the appropriation for 1907
is about $3,500 less than that for 1906. I am unable to see how
it will be possible to maintain the Zoological Park through the
year 1907 with the funds available, and I fear a deficit of at least
$5,000.
In this connection we offer as an exhibit the following enu-
meration of features which require to be maintained for the
uses of the public, all the year round; and we invite comparisons
in maintenance requirements and expenditures with those of
other public institutions, wherever found:
10 Large animal buildings, (all heated).
10 Small animal buildings, (4 heated).
12 Large groups of outdoor dens, aviaries and corrals.
3 Animal storehouses, for winter use, all heated.
2 Restaurants.
6 Public-comfort buildings.
8 Entrances.
234 Acres of Park lands.
30 Acres of lakes and ponds.
7.78 Miles of walks and roads.
10.55 Miles of fences.
3,624 Living mammals, birds, and reptiles.
It must be borne in mind that, despite the short period of its
existence, the Zoological Park is to-day a very large institution.
In extent of equipment, and in number of animals, we believe it
is surpassed by only one other zoological establishment of a sim-
ilar nature.
DEPARTMENT OF ADMINISTRATION AND PRIVILEGES.
H. R. Mitchell, Chief Clerk; Wm. Mitchell, Assistant.
Although the disbursements on account of Maintenance and
Ground Improvement through this department did not materially
74 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOGIERY:
increase in 1906 over the previous year, all branches of the Privi-
lege Department showed a gratifying increase in volume, and
a corresponding increase in profits. For several years the privi-
leges have been much in need of further development, and the
Society has only been awaiting the arrival of a more favorable
period in construction work to put them upon a new and better
basis, fully up to the general standard set for the Zoological Park
as a whole.
Several important steps in this direction will be taken during
the coming season. The old, obsolete and unsightly soda foun-
tains, which heretofore have been leased by the year, are to be
replaced through the purchase of the latest and most improved
Twentieth Century Sanitary fountains. For the purpose of mak-
ing these and other improvements, all of which will add largely to
the net income from privileges, the Executive Committee has
authorized the expenditure of a considerable sum out of the net
profits accumulated during the past season. The privileges, if
legitimately developed within the limits demanded for the con-
venience and accommodation of visitors, will, we predict, within
a year or two put the Animal Fund on a basis enabling the
Society to purchase many desirable, rare, and expensive animals
when offered without drawing from funds that should be devoted
to other purposes.
Boat House.—Early in the year 1906 it was found that it would
be impossible to get the Boat House completed in time to open
it this season, and the boating privilege was therefore re-let to
the former lessee for another year, for the sum of $1,525. Work
on the building was begun during the summer, and proceeded
rapidly. At the close of the year it was practically finished, and
will be turned over to the Society about March Ist.
It has been decided to open this building in April, 1907, with
a combined restaurant and lunch-room service. The north
room will be fitted up as a dining-room, with a seating capacity of
about one hundred. In the south room, adjoining the serving-
room, a popular-priced lunch room will be opened. This will
comfortably accommodate about eighty persons. The large fire-
place at one end of this room will be a pleasing and attractive
feature, especially in winter, when the lunch-room will be kept
open for the accommodation of skaters, and visitors to the Park
generally.
In the extreme south end of the building, there are two serving- -
rooms, in one of which there is to be a lunch counter, and in
the other a modern soda fountain of large capacity.
ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. (5
A new thirty-foot electric launch has been purchased, and will
be put in commission on Bronx Lake at the opening of the next
boating season, to make regular trips between the Boat House and
Bronxdale landing. Ten cents will be charged for a trip of
more than a mile, and stop-over checks will be given at the upper
landing. To this will be added the ordinary business of boat-
letting, which always has been profitable. New and up-to-date
boats will be purchased and added to the present equipment as
rapidly as circumstances seem to demand them. We confidently
expect this business, as a whole, will prove to be one of our most
popular and profitable privileges.
Rocking Stone Restaurant.—On the whole, the past year has
been a very successful period for the Restaurant, and while the
net profits did not quite equal those of last season, an increase
would have been shown, but for the unfavorable weather in the
month of October, when the attendance fell off more than 50,000,
as compared with that of the previous year.
An important improvement developed was the establishment
of our own laundry, which, in addition to giving us better work
than we were able to secure outside, saves us the constant annoy-
ance of the slow and uncertain deliveries which we had experi-
enced from independent laundries.
Soda Water.—The manufacture of our own ice cream, as inau-
gurated in 1905, was continued with increased success. Not-
withstanding the enormously high prices we were obliged to
pay for ice during the entire season, the profit from soda-water
alone was $4,032.76 as against $2,946.07 in 1905. The net profits
of the soda-water stands for the year, including the sales of can-
dies and cigars, reached a total of $5,414.08.
Souvenir Postal Cards.—Vhe sale of souvenir postal cards was
continued under the plan adopted in 1905, and but for an un-
avoidable delay in the delivery of stock ordered in the early part
of the vear, the sales would have doubled those of last year. This
privilege netted $1,295.55 for the Animal Fund in 1906 as com-
pared with $760.77 in 1905. Many new subjects were added to
all series of cards. Our souvenir postal collection appears to be
the largest and most complete in the animal line to be found any-
where, and new subjects are constantly being added. The increase
in the sales of souvenir postal cards was so marked as to be
worthy of special mention. In September they sometimes reached
a total of more than $50 per day.
Guide Book.—The completion of several important buildings
and installations, and the large additions to the animal collections
‘QULIJUY SULIR] JSOM IRI ‘oyRYT XUOIG UO poajzeEN}IG
‘ASNOH LVOd MAN
BLEVENTH ANNUAL. REPORT. all
of the Park, both in numbers and species, made it absolutely nec-
essary that the Guide Book to the Park be thoroughly revised,
and considerably increased in size. The first issue of the Giraffe
Edition was exhausted early in the year, and it was therefore
necessary to get out a small issue of 7,000 copies of that Edition,
and thereby postpone the revision of the Guide until the spring of
1907. The profits for the year were $1,335.75.
Souvenir Books.—It has long been our desire to increase the
size of our small book of views to twenty-four subjects, and
make other improvements in the illustrations which would make
it still more aitractive. On that basis an order was placed for an
edition of 5,000 copies, and they will be delivered early in the
spring. The large books of Park views, which sell at fifty
cents and one dollar, were sufficiently popular that the supplies
were exhausted before the close of the season, and orders were
placed for a revised edition of each size. The profits realized for
the season from the souvenir books were $368.37.
Riding Animals.—The riding-animal establishment now has a
well recognized popularity, and continually increasing patronage
from children of all classes. Great care is taken to keep the ponies
and vehicles up to a proper standard, and the attendants neatly
uniformed. The business for the year showed a satisfactory in-
crease Over 1905, and profits reaching the sum of $1,503.32.
Gate Receipts.—Since the opening of the Park, there has been
a constant and gratifying increase in receipts for admission on
closed days, with the single exception of the year 1904, when there
was a slight falling off. The year 1906 was no exception to the
general rule as will be shown by the following table, showing
receipts by years.
Year. Gate Receipts.
O10 Le Gad, Woe oe eee sat? $1,869.35
MOO Ea eRe Se eo syaiohs Sento ats cc 2,998.80
GOD weer er teteg aero iy aia Mehohsin SG aoes Saas 4,250.50
GOR Bees meres Araki | NaC aes CG 5,912.95
HNO Aa ce Rnep yeh wen es TN: Ma aleenjas olecensoe eee ere 5,421.90
INC OG Thora ae rien ope EA Re eee rE 6,849.00
GEG, * SOS Bat ces eet Gees oto ee ees ee ae $5132.35
Feed Barn.—TYhe Feed Barn which was under construction at
the close of last year, was completed in 1906, and is proving to be
a valuable factor in the economic handling of the constantly in-
78 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
creasing quantity of hay, straw, and feed required in the main-
tenance of our very large collection of hoofed animals. This
building, in addition to providing stable facilities for a number
of horses, as well as space for carriages and vehicles in the base-
ment, has bins and storage space on the two upper floors for a
supply of hay and grain sufficient to last several months.
Ice Manufacturing and Refrigeration Plant.—VYhe difficulty
experienced during the last season in obtaining the large quantity
of ice that is now required in the general maintenance of the
Park, for the preservation of the large amount of meat and food
supplies continually on hand, the care of museum specimens while
awaiting autopsy, as well as for the needs of the Restaurant and
Soda Water Department, brought home to us very forcibly the
absolute necessity of our being able to take care of our own de-
mands for ice and refrigeration without depending on conditions
beyond our control. In 1906 we were unable to harvest a suff-
cient crop of pond ice to fill our two small ice houses, but even had
they been filled, their contents are now totally inadequate for our
present needs. We urge the erection during the coming season
of a building suitable for the storage of a liberal quantity of ice in
one end, when a crop is obtainable, and the other end to be fitted
with a combination refrigeration and ice-making machine of about
ten tons capacity, thus placing us on a safe basis regardless of
weather conditions.
CIVIL ENGINEERING.
George M. Beerbower, Civil Engineer.
The volume of engineering work continues as great as ever, and
during the year it covered many different pieces of work. Of these
the most important were the eastern end of the Service Road, the
yards around the Small-Deer House, the Service Road from the
Reptile House to the Beaver Pond, the wall and yards surround-
ing the new Barn, the West Farms Entrance plaza, and the site
and yards of the Elephant House. Mr. Beerbower superintended
the construction of the Feed Barn, which was designed by him,
and furnished all surveys around the Boat House. He perfected
the automatic turnstile invented by him last year, and it is now
being manufactured for the Boston Road Entrance. The official
map of the Zoological Park has been brought down to date, and
engraved anew for the Guide Book under our engineer’s direction.
ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 79
During the coming year, much engineering work will be re-
quired in the western yards of the Small-Deer House, the Zebra
Houses, and the Elephant House yards and walks.
PHOTOGRAPHY AND PUBLICATIONS.
Elwin R. Sanborn, Photographer and Asst. Editor.
Both in variety and importance, the duties of Mr. Sanborn con-
stantly increase. The extent and scientific value of the Society’s
collection of more than 3,000 animal photographs is now becoming
generally known, and its sphere of usefulness is rapidly widening.
It is no exaggeration to say that the animal photographs made by
Mr. Sanborn to serve the special purposes of zoology have fixed a
standard of considerable value in such work. It is a fact, however,
that even yet there are many persons who hold firmly to the belief
that inexperience and an ordinary camera can, without any special
facilities, secure good photographs of wild animals in captivity,
provided a “permit” can be secured. For many reasons, it is
a practical impossibility to permit every person who holds this
belief to test it in the Zoological Park.
During the year Mr. Sanborn has made-up and put through
the press the annual report and the regular numbers of THe But-
LETIN, all illustrated from photographs made by him especially
for those publications. His photographs of living amphibians
were especially successful, and marked a great advance beyond
all previous efforts with animals of that branch.
The coming year promises to be for Mr. Sanborn’s department
an unusually busy one. Aside from the regular publications there
is to be issued the first number of a new publication on the Na-
tional Collection of Heads and Horns, and a new and extended
edition of the Guide to the Zoological Park.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.
The Director gratefully acknowledges the special devotion to
duty of all the officers of the Zoological Park staff during his four
months’ absence in 1906 on account of illness. It is both a duty
and a pleasure to assure the members of the Society that under
Chief Clerk Mitchell, as Acting Director, the affairs of the
Park were most admirably conducted, and in the administrative
80 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
machinery of the establishment there was not the slightest abate-
ment of efficiency.
On the whole, the year 1906 may now be regarded with a feel-
ing of satisfaction and gratitude. Our relations with the public
and the city government were maintained on the basis of good-
will that has heretofore prevailed. The good reputation of the
Zoological Park force has also been well maintained. Our
pleasant relations with the officers of the Park Department for
Bronx Borough are unchanged, and remain a constant source of
benefit and satisfaction.
Respectfully submitted,
WILLIAM T. Hornapay,
Director.
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RELORI OF THE DIRECTOR OF FHE
AQUARIUM TO THE BOARD OF MANAGERS
N DECEMBER, 1906, the New York Aquarium completed its
first decade, with a record of over seventeen millions of vis-
itors. Its patronage by the public has been astonishingly large
and in the matter of attendance it is probably unequaled by any
institution in the world. A building three times as large would
be required to comfortably accommodate the visitors which
throng it.
The Zoological Society, in the four years of its management of
the institution, has been engaged in improving the building in
various ways, the work of the past year having included new
boilers and a new ventilating system. The tedious work of re-
placing worn-out piping with lead-lined pipe, which has been in
progress for several months, is still going on.
In addition to the regular maintenance fund, the City has gen-
erously provided an improvement fund, which has made the work
of the past four years possible, while the maintenance fund has
permitted of a number of minor improvements each year. An-
other year’s work should place the equipment of the building in
such condition that its collections can be made more varied and
interesting than heretofore.
The employees, most of whom have been in the Aquarium many
years, continue to render good service, and may be considered ex-
perts in their line of work. Their duties are exacting and include
cleaning and heating of the building, the care of the different
water svstems, the feeding and care of the collections and attention
to the comfort of visitors. They have gathered by seining from
local waters, practically all of the fresh and salt-water fishes now
in the Aquarium.
It is not possible to create any further exhibition space in the
present building, which is stocked to its fullest capacity, and addi-
tions can no longer be made without rejecting important species
now on hand.
The collections do not change much from year to year, but
interesting species are added as opportunity affords. The exhibits
84 NEW. YORK ZOOEOGICALS SOCIEING
are varied and include fishes, turtles, crocodilians, salamanders,
frogs, marine mammals, and invertebrates, all of which are dis-
tributed according to the space available. The exhibits in gen-
eral are larger and more varied than those of any other aquarium.
A small fish-hatchery, maintained as an exhibit of fish-culture,
continues to be of interest to the public, and has been supplied
annually with fish eggs by the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries from
Government hatcheries.
The collection of tropical fishes from the West Indies receives
some additions each summer, and annual exchanges of fishes are
made with the aquariums at Detroit and Washington.
Among the larger animals received during the year were a
400-pound loggerhead turtle, seven specimens of the giant snap-
ping turtle of the Lower Mississippi, two large tarpons, two
manatees, three hawksbill turtles, and two sea-lions. The tarpons
—accidental wanderers from the South—were taken in New
York Bay and were objects of great interest during the summer.
The experiment ot keeping sea-lions in the building has re-
sulted satisfactorily. It was feared that these naturally noisy
animals would be disturbing to visitors, but they have been trained
to a condition of comparative quiet.
The collection of sea turtles is exceptionally fine, consisting of
loggerheads—the largest weighing 400 pounds; green turtles—
the largest weighing 313 pounds ; hawksbills—the largest weighing
60 pounds, and a Pacific green turtle of about 50 pounds.
The floor pools available for large aquatic animals, being only
seven in number, a definite limit is placed on exhibits of this class.
The work of photographing living fishes and other aquatic
forms in the Aquarium has been continued as opportunity afforded,
so that the best of illustrations of this character are now available.
ATTENDANCE.
For the past three years the attendance at the Aquarium has
been increasing. The year 1906 has proved to be a record year,
the total number of visitors having been 2,106,569—a daily aver-
age of 5,771. The increase over the year I905 amounts to
380,399.
The summer attendance was exceptionally large; that of the
month of August having been 369,547—a daily average of 11,921
for the month. The Sunday attendance during August varied
from 20,000 to 27,000.
MEE VN El ANN OIA SREP OR Q5
The following table shows the attendance at the Aquarium in
1906 by months:
January ...Number of visitors 106,242 Daily average 3,427
February ... i xs 100,321 s i 3,583
March... :. - - 7 121,197 oF % 3,909
Sone arene % = 191,463 ‘s : 6,382
Wa). #26 4.2: =: J 210,027 :. i 6775
Witimien fs: i 178,815 es ae 5 GO,
Claes ss x 261,376 - a 8,431
PAUOMISE 55. « z : 360,547 is 2 a Sie O2m
September .. - i 267,799 ss Pa 8,020
October .s-: : rs 138,727 i ei 4,475
November .. “ ‘ 100,184 ; = 3,230
December .. a z 60,871 s 1,960
Mota tess... see es. 2,106,569 4 ‘4 7a
With the close of the year 1906, the Aquarium completes its
tenth year. The total attendance for these ten vears amounts to
17,103,328—a daily average of 4,685. This appears to be, from
the data available, a world’s record.
The attendance for the past ten years is shown in the following
table :
TSO pmareee eines ch aisy ens Visitors 1,635,252 Daily average 4,480
NOOSie wats. sat oi: : 1,689,471 be ; 625
HOO! Mote ss ae. % 1,841,330 - of) Stesioad
MOMOMO Mpa ciet eens ‘3 1,585,584 he “4,344
HOT Me. eye ee oe % 1,044,850 i 4,506
INC C7 Setar ae eae mare = 1,700,453 ‘ <i 4,650
BOOBY Nes ects Aco Ae “ 1,547,873 o . 4,240
MOO eerste ts 1,625,770 si 4,554
TODS eee eee 5 1,726,170 ¢ A726
HUN OO tals) eds) 3 eens, abetes ? 2,100,569 : a 5,771
TGR Se ete eps center 17,103,328 if ALS SI
*Includes twenty-one days of December, 1806.
AID TO SCHOOL TEACHERS.
For several years the Aquarium has supplied to teachers of
biology in the City schools, specimens of marine invertebrates for
class work and for small aquaria. This work was continued
86 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SSO CIEANe
during 1906. The number of schools in which aquaria were
either installed or renewed was 104, some schools having two or
more aquaria. They were supplied with specimens only at the
request of the principal or the teacher, and in most cases delivery
was made at the schools by a messenger from the Aquarium.
Inexpensive aquaria have been provided either by the Board
of Education or by the teachers themselves. Sea-water has been
supplied from the Aquarium with marine plants, in order that
the school aquaria might be made self-sustaining or “balanced”
by the necessary plant life, to secure oxygenation of the water.
Specimens have been sent to teachers in the kindergartens and
in a few hospitals, as well as to those in primary and grammar
schools. University professors have also used considerable mate-
rial, consisting of both marine invertebrates and fishes.
Many classes, accompanied by teachers, have visited the Aqua-
rium, the total number of pupils for 1906, as far as enumerated,
being 5,503. They have had the freedom of the Aquarium labora-
tory, where living corals and other delicate organisms offer op-
portunity for natural history study.
Instruction in caring for small aquaria has been given constantly
by Mr. Spencer of the Aquarium staff, who has also managed the
delivery of specimens.
The Aquarium makes no charge for material or delivery,
merely desiring to be of service to the teachers.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.
The United States Bureau of Fisheries has supplied most of
the eggs of fishes required for the hatchery, which, as a practical
illustration of the art of fish-culture, is an important feature at the
Aquarium. Eggs of the smelt and yellow perch were furnished
by the New York Fish Commission.
Mr. A. W. Dimock, of Marco, Florida, presented two mana-
tees. The larger of these, a specimen ten feet long and weighing
g1o pounds, was injured in capture and did not live long. The
other specimen, six feet in length, is in fine condition after five
months of captivity.
Both of these animals were transported free from Miami, Flor-
ida, to New York, through the kindness of Mr. Theo. G. Eger,
Vice-President of the Clyde Steamship Company, and Mr. J. P.
Beckwith, General Traffic Manager of the Florida East Coast
Railway. The Zoological Society is also indebted to these gentle-
men for the free transportation of specimens received in Ig05.
ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 87
Messrs. Wm. Currys’ Sons of Key West, Florida, presented two
unusually large specimens of the hawksbill or tortoise shell turtle,
which had been living in a salt water pond at Key West for
eight years.
Mr. Frederick H. Shelton of Philadelphia presented twenty-
seven specimens of fresh-water turtles, representing five species,
some of which were new to the Aquarium collection.
Mr. Emil Gottsleben of Rum Clay, Bahama Islands, presented a
large hawksbill turtle.
Other important gifts of aquatic animals were received from
Dr. Alfred G. Mayer, Director of the Marine Biological Labor-
atory at the Dry Tortugas, Florida: Capt. Paul Jacob, of the
Hamburg American Steamship Graecia: Master Billy Clark, of
New York, and Master Edward Redfield and Miss Bessie Red-
field of Closter, N. J.
Captain Jacob presented to the Zoological Park, through the
Aquarium, specimens of iguanas from the West Indies. Mr.
Henry Bishop of Baltimore presented several Japanese goldfishes.
The late Mr. Philip Schuyler purchased and presented to the
Aquarium a collection of excellent negatives of living fishes of
Florida and the West Indies, which will be reproduced from time
to time in the publications of the Society.
AN OLD PICTURE OF THE AQUARIUM BUILDING.
The frontispiece to the present report, showing the interior of
the Aquarium building, formerly called Castle Garden, in 1850,
is reproduced from an old and rare print.
Some of the older members of the Zoological Society will
doubtless recall the occasion when Jenny Lind made her first
public appearance in America, which it commemorates. The
following historical note is reprinted from the Aquarium Infor-
mation Circular as an accompaniment to the picture:
“The Aquarium building was erected in 1807 by the United
States Government as a fort, called Southwest Battery, and after
the war of 1812 was called Castle Clinton. It has a battery of
30 guns, the embrasures for which still remain in the outer wall,
which is 9 feet thick. The old ammunition rooms are surrounded
with walls of masonry 15 feet thick. In 1823 the building was
ceded by Congress to the City of New York and used as a place
of amusement called Castle Garden, which had a seating capacity
of 6,000. It was connected with Battery Park by a bridge, the
intervening space having since been filled in. General Lafayette
88 NEW YORK ;ZOOLO@OGICAL, sS@OCIEIY:
was received here in 1824; President Jackson in 1832; President
Tyler in 1843; Louis Kossuth in 1851. Professor Morse, in-
ventor of the telegraph, demonstrated here in 1835 the practica-
bility of controlling the electric current. Jenny Lind began sing-
ing here in 1850 under the management of P. T. Barnum. Among
other notables received here were President Van Buren and the
Prince of Wales. The building was used as a landing place for
immigrants from 1855 to 1890, during which period 7,690,606
immigrants passed through its doors. It was opened as an aqua-
rium by the City on December 10, 1896, and on November 1,
1902, its management was transferred from the Department of
Parks to the New York Zoological Society, a private scientific
association with a membership of 1,644.”
RECORD OF MONTHLY MEAN TEMPERATURES AND SPECIFIC GRAV-
ITIES AT THE NEW YORK AQUARIUM DURING THE YEAR 1906.
(From daily observations made by Mr. W. I. De-Nyse).*
Temperature Specific
Months. of Water. Gravity.
Jatatiairy. Ser eote sede: ae yee eae eee 39 T.O14
Pebitiaty: 7: tesyceesrtas arc tee 36 T-On2
(Whar Gli: mc.janeats 5 acetate ee ae ee 38 1.011
JADDT Ue Ace oe ies Se reece ee ee 43 1.010
IMD een roan Sista cee ye eae arg eet 52 1013
Me dices es weet eee tae rei 62 LOL
Fullyies ais Se a emer ace eee ees 69 1-013
SAGO th, Lote aeele eo ee ile m aeatices WP 1.014
Septeniben es ste tas. pumice 7 I.O15
OctoWenwere: eouee ns eee fee re 63 1.016
INOVEmma De tyees.r ean oe eis ee ae 54 1.014
Wecembenng. rorya mecaci ase = tenet 43 1.014
*Density observations were made with samples of water brought to a
temperature of 60 degrees Fahr.
VEEEOW PERCH:
i CUlMIVATION OR TFISHES WIN NA BURAL
AND ARTIFICIAL PONDS.
By C. H. TOWNSEND,
DIRECTOR OF THE AQUARIUM.
Formerly Chief of the Division of Fisheries, U. S. Fish Commission.
URING the time that the writer has been responsible for the
correspondence of the New York Aquarium, there has
been frequent inquiry for information respecting methods of
stocking and managing small fish ponds. The inquiries in gen-
eral have related to the character of ponds, their water supply and
management: the kinds of fishes desirable, their feeding, propa-
gation, capture, and the sources from which they might be pro-
cured.
In some cases applicants were referred to the National or State
fish commissions, while in others such information was given as
was possible by letter, with references to book and articles that
might be helpful.
9() NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOGIELY
Several ponds and lakes situated on the country estates of New
York gentlemen who wished advice on stocking and caring for
ponds, were visited by special invitation. These were both natural
and artificial, large and small, deep and shallow, spring fed, and
supplied by streams, with fish and without. Some of the ponds
which contained fishes had never yielded much either in the way
of sport or food. Most pond owners confessed entire ignorance
of the subject and the writer’s search for literature on pond
culture, to fit the varying conditions met with, did not reveal as
much as could be desired, especially that based on American con-
ditions.
The professional fish-culturists of this country apparently owe
the private citizen something more in the way of advice in home
fish raising than he has yet received.
It would seem that notwithstanding the abundant literature
relative to public fish-culture, which has been distributed freely in
this country, there has been left almost unconsidered, a field of
pond culture simpler and cheaper than that connected with our
admirable system of stocking public waters, and with possibilities
greater than have been realized. Wholesale methods in fish-
culture, requiring artificial fertilization of eggs, hatchery build-
ings, and series of rearing ponds, are seldom applicable to the
farm and the private estate.
The writer devoted considerable time to the study of small,
natural and artificial lakes in the region about New York, with
a view to ascertaining their possibilities for producing the com-
moner kinds of fishes with a moderate amount of expense and
care. It is hoped that the present paper, relating merely to the
actual requirements for success in home fish raising, will be of
interest not only to members of the New York Zoological Society,
but to the out-of-town public in general. It is presented as a
primer on the subject, not as a general treatise, a brief list of
works of the latter class being appended. Its publication will
at least serve the original purpose of the writer—that of facilita-
ting the handling of a portion of the correspondence of the
Aquarium. As a good many years have passed since he served an
apprenticeship at a government fish-hatchery, recent publications
on fish culture have been used freely. Acknowledgments are
hereby made to the authors of the works mentioned in this paper.
The photographs of fishes published herewith, were made by
Messrs. Elwin R. Sanborn and L. B. Spencer, from specimens
living in the New York Aquarium.
Pond Culture in General.—It should be made clear that the in-
ELEVENTH, ANNUAL REPORT: OL
structions which follow will be of little use to those who suppose
that the pond can be filled with fishes and left to take care of itself.
To be made productive it will require intelligent care and consid-
erable work. Those who are not interested to that extent may as
well abandon the idea of raising fish and save the expense of
stocking the pond.
For the encouragement of those who are disposed to make a
trial it may be stated with perfect fairness that food fishes can be
raised with no more difficulty than chickens or vegetables. All
persons who have experimented with the poultry yard and the
garden know that they demand attention. A neglected fish-pond
may be compared to a neglected garden, and will eventually reach
the same gone-to-seed condition.
The raising of trout is not considered in this connection: Trout
require special conditions of water supply and temperature and
there are already in existence many volumes on the subject of
trout breeding. While it is a fish that most owners of ponds hope
to cultivate, it is essentially one that can not be managed except
under naturally favorable conditions, and it demands more atten-
tion than it is likely to receive at the hands of the amateur. Trout
culture is in active progress all over the land, and there are nu-
merous commercial trout culturists from whom fry and yearlings
may be purchased. Brown trout and rainbow trout, it should
be stated, are more suitable for small lakes than brook trout, and
will stand warmer water and grow considerably larger. The
brook trout does not naturally inhabit waters having a tem-
perature much above 60 degrees.
With the ordinary run of ponds in the New York region, where
the water becomes rather warm in summer, it is necessary to
restrict the list of available fishes to the basses, perches, and
sunfishes to which they are adapted. This paper therefore deals
with the commoner fishes only.
There are few sections of the country so lacking in native fishes
that enough black bass, rock bass, yellow perch, white perch,
crappie, blue-gill sunfish, long-eared sunfish, or catfish can not
be procured for the purpose of stocking.
State fish commissions can not usually furnish fishes for private
waters, and much of the fish stock supplied by the national com-
mission for private waters has, through ignorance on the part
of the recipient, been lost, washed away by floods into public
waters, or consumed when mature, without the conditions neces-
sary to propagation having been supplied.
Some of the above named pond-fishes occur in almost every
92 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICALY SOCIETY.
CRAPPIE.
county, and are to be found in the streams, lakes, and ponds of
the region about New York City and on Long Island. A little
preliminary personal effort in fish-catching and transporting on
the part of the pond owner, will help to increase his interest and
knowledge, and thus increase the chances of the pond getting
some necessary attention later on.
Fishes already acclimatized are safer for stocking than those
brought from distant points in the north or south. In transporting
fishes all necessary changes in temperature should be made gradu-
ally. Changing to a lower temperature is safer than to a higher.
State fish commissioners are usually able to inform corre-
spondents where desirable kinds of pond-fishes occur in each state.
In applying to the Fisheries Bureau at Washington for fishes,
it is necessary to send full information respecting the extent,
depth, summer temperature, etc., of the waters to be stocked, and
to do the same through local representatives in Congress. Fishes
will not be sent at once to a single applicant, but only after enough
applications have been filed to warrant large shipments to each
state. Long delays are therefore liable to happen.
It is possible to procure the fry of bass and some other species
from dealers. If they can not be purchased it will be necessary
to procure them from the nearest lake or stream, which can be
ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 93
LARGE-MOUTHED BLACK BASS.
done, if nécessary, with ordinary fishing-tackle. For transporta-
tion a couple of milk cans of the pattern used by dairymen will
be most convenient and the cans will be almost indispensable in
handling the fishes from the pond later on.
The fishes need not be injured by the hook, if they are unhooked
carefully, and they will stand the trip in wagon or baggage car
very well, if they are not crowded, and the temperature of the
water is kept down with a little ice. A net over the top of the
can is better than a close cover unless the latter be well punctured.
Ice must be used sparingly and should be placed on the net cover
—not in the water.
If a fisherman, who has a seine, can be hired, so much the
better for the fish. The fishes wanted may very likely be found in
one’s own neighborhood, and it may only be necessary to subsi-
dize the barefoot boy, who won't take long to find some stock for
the pond. Beware, however, of the common sunfish, which is
usually too small to be worth saving and becomes a positive an-
noyance when one is angling for something larger. Other species
which it is well to avoid are the pike and pickerel on account of
their voracity and destructiveness to other species.
Practice teaches one rapidly, but it is unwise to try to get
along without study when helpful books may be had. If fish
raising is to be merely a passing fancy it is just as well not to
94 NEW YORK “ZOOLOGICAL “SOCIETY.
attempt it, but interest in most things comes with learning about
them, so the books should be read at the beginning—not after fail-
ures have led to discouragement.
Natural Ponds or Lakes.—lt is assumed that the position of the
natural pond is such that no arrangement can be made for drawing
off the water. Its possibilities will therefore have to be consid-
ered separately. Its fish life moreover can never be brought under
complete control.
If the character and abundance of the fish life in the pond are
not known it is desirable that it be ascertained as far as possible
by fishing or netting. If the pond is without any fishes it should,
of course, be stocked at ence, and the selection of fishes made with
due regard to its natural conditions. The extreme depth, mid-
summer temperature, plant life and character of the bottom of the
pond should all be ascertained. The summer bottom temperature
of deep ponds should be known. It can be taken by lowering the
thermometer in a pail and allowing it to remain some time. If
pulled up rapidly the temperature will not have time to rise ma-
terially. A series of bottom temperatures will serve to indicate
the presence of bottom springs.
A wide area of shallow water in a pond not well supplied by
springs or rivulets usually means great warmth in summer. If
such a pond can be temporarily lowered and deepened in places,
its conditions for fish life would be greatly improved as there
is a decided difference in temperature between surface and
bottom waters. Below six or eight feet the temperature decreases
at the rate of about two degrees for each foot of depth. Increased
depth would also give fishes an additional chance for life in
winter when heavy ice diminishes their supply of air.
A small pond, supplied chiefly by rainfall, may be increased
somewhat in water supply by leading to it ditches from adjacent
fields; while its depth may admit of some increase by embank-
ments. If water can be had by boring, an artesian well may make
just the difference between a poor pond and a good one. Fish-
ponds should have water plants to afford shelter for young fishes
and harbor the various forms of aquatic life on which they feed.
Several kinds of common pondweeds will serve for this purpose.
The broad leaves of water-lilies afford shelter in summer for the
larger fishes and should be introduced. If the pond be very small
and unshaded, some floating boards will afford shelter. Too many
large fishes in the pond are detrimental since they are consuming
the food supply and are themselves going to waste. When such
fishes can not be taken with the hook as sometimes happens, they
ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 95
LONG-EARED SUNFISH.
should be removed with a seine if it is possible to do so, and
marketed. It is important that the mature fish crop of a pond
be utilized and the young of the year be given a chance to develop.
The accumulation of large fishes serves no useful purpose, but re-
sults in overstocking, exhaustion of the food supply, cannibalism,
and stunted growth.
If a natural lake or pond is already stocked with carp, which
are not desired and can not be entirely removed, their further
increase may be checked by the introduction of black bass which
feed freely on young carp. Black bass will also keep other species
in check by devouring their young, and thrive amazingly in the
process.
If the waters contain black bass, or other fishes, which have
become stunted from overcrowding and the exhaustion of the
natural food supply, it is important to reduce their number by
any methods of fish catching that will prove effective and to
restore the food supply by introducing other species.
If numerous adult yellow perch are added their young will
contribute to the food of the bass, and other large species. Ex-
periments have shown that fishes stunted from overcrowding are
not necessarily permanent dwarfs, but will attain a larger size if
well fed or removed to more favorable waters. No fishes could
be more stunted and worthless than those now swarming in the
lakes of Central Park, yet we have succeeded in doubling the size
of such fishes in two years: Stunted European rudd, transferred
from Central Park to Prospect Park, began developing, and later,
when we seined them out for exhibition at the Aquarium, it was
96 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY:
CALICO BASS.
found that their size compared favorably with that which they
attain in Europe.
It has been shown at government fish cultural stations and else-
where that a few adult carp placed in waters overstocked with
bass do not increase in number, their young being wholly con-
sumed each season. It is well to introduce only a limited number
of carp, since too many of them, owing to their rooting habits,
will not only destroy the water plants, but also make the water
too roily. It has been found that the introduction of carp for
feeding fishes, is also favorable in ponds containing crappie, the
slight roiling of the water, which they cause, being beneficial to
the latter rather than otherwise. It should not however be intro-
duced into overstocked bass waters as a food supply until yellow
perch or other species have been tried.
All ponds, whether natural or artificial, containing food-fishes
should be stocked with brook-minnows, shiners, chubs, fresh-
water killifish and other small species to constitute a food supply.
The killifish and other small species, it may be noticed in passing,
ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 97
are useful in small ornamental ponds in destroying the larvee of
mosquitoes.
The full use of the fish crop of a large natural pond or lake
can seldom be secured by ordinary fishing. It is necessary that
seines and trap-nets be used. Experience has proved that such
ponds usually contain many large fishes which will not take the
hook.
A deep spring-fed lake on Long Island had for years furnished
only moderately good bass fishing and no one imagined its wealth
of fishes until the embankment which formed it gave way and
distributed hundreds of good sized black bass on the flats below,
many of them weighing from four to six pounds. It is possible
that these fishes were so well fed on the small fry of their own
CROSS-SECTION OF THE DAM.
A—Embankment. B—Ground-Ditch. C—Solid Ground. D—Water. E—Drain.
F—Penstock. H—Sliding Water-Boards.
kind, as well as other species coming over the dam from the pond
above, that what the angler could offer did not tempt them.
The introduction of new adult stock may be desirable in an old
pond where there has been in-breeding, but overstocking is the
main trouble, the remedies for which are thinning-out and re-es-
tablishing the food supply.
Owing to the customary preference for “game fishes,’ many
excellent pond species, such as rock bass, calico bass, yellow
perch, white perch, long-eared and blue-gilled sunfish and catfish,
have been overlooked. Other kinds such as the warmouth or the
white bass, inhabiting waters of the south or middle west, are
equally desirable. All of these fishes increase rapidly, take the
hook readily and are good food-fishes. They will multiply in
98 NEW -YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY:
favorable waters with less care than probably any other native
fishes. With the exception of the catfish, they will take the artifi-
cial fly and afford good sport. They are of considerable com-
mercial importance since, according to government statistics, the
quantity annually sent to market exceeds twenty-eight million
pounds. Nearly all of them are known to attain weights ex-
ceeding two pounds.
Ponds Made by Damming Streams.—Ponds created in this
way should on no account be completed without the placing of
drain pipes and penstocks, so that the water can be lowered and
the fish life controlled. There are marketable fishes going to
waste in ponds everywhere for lack of simple facilities for get-
ting at them. The deepest portion of the pond should be at the
lower end, where the fish will gather when the water is drained
down. Ditches dug in the bottom of the pond, leading to the
deep hole or “kettle,” will greatly facilitate the concentration of
the fishes at that time.
Two or three ponds will be found to be much more satisfactory
than one, since they will permit of the sorting of fishes according
to size. Angling or other fish catching would then naturally be
confined to the pond containing the large fishes. If properly
managed, a series of fish-ponds will naturally yield a surplus for
the market.
It is dangerous to construct a fish-pond in a narrow ravine
as the dam is liable to be broken during spring freshets or ex-
ceptionally heavy rains, and the pond will gradually fill up with
silt. Even if the embankment is not broken during high water it
is difficult to screen it so that the fishes will not escape. A safe
plan is to make the pond at one side of the stream, by excavation
and embankments, leading the water to it through a ditch, and
damming the stream sufficiently at the ditch-head to divert a
portion of its flow. In case of freshets, the deep pool formed in
the stream by the dam at the ditch-head, naturally receives the
silt brought down stream; thus guarding against the filling up
of the fish-pond. The ditch itself should be screened at both
ends to prevent the ascent of fishes to the stream, and keep
floating drift out of the ditch.
If the pond can be excavated in marshy ground, so much the
better. A layer of clay on the bottom will render it more water-
tight that it would be otherwise. The embankment should be
broad, and before it is thrown up, all sod should be removed so
that there will be no subsequent seepage caused by the decay of
vegetable matter. The earth used for the embankment should also
FEEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 99
be free from sods or other matter liable to decay. The ground
cleared for the embankment should have a ditch extending its
full length into which the new earth will settle, thus increasing the
stability of the dam.
The embankment of the dam if it is to be six feet high should
be ten or twelve feet wide at the base and four feet broad on top.
The earth used in its construction will naturally be derived from
the bottom of the proposed pond, which will, of course, serve
to increase its depth.
The overflow should be large enough to carry off the surplus,
when the water is high, without danger to the dam and the outlets
in general should be screened with wire netting to prevent the
escape of fishes. The drain for drawing off the water should, of
course, be put in place before the dam is thrown up. Earthen
drain-pipes are risky, as no matter how closely the joints may be
set and cemented, plant roots will eventually find their way in-
side and clog them up. Iron pipe of not less than four inches
diameter, with the joints well soldered, is more reliable. A
hollow log will serve the purpose of a drain-pipe, and wear well.
If the drain, or bottom outlet, is built of concrete and large
enough to be conveniently cleared, it would be more effective in
lowering a large area of water. The upper end of the drain
should fit tightly into the foot of the upright penstock in the pond.
The penstock itself is merely an upright drain or sluice of
planks or concrete, having about the same capacity as the drain-
pipe itself. It is fitted on one side with short “water boards”
sliding in grooves which can be removed one after another, to
permit the escape of the water. A heavy plank should connect
the head of the penstock with the top of the dam.
Before the new pond is filled, all roots, stumps, rocks and every-
thing else that would prevent the free sweep of a net along the
bottom, should be removed.
All ponds, whether natural or artificial, accumulate debris of
which they can not be cleared, except when empty. A muddy
pond will give the fish a muddy flavor. When the pond is being
cleaned, it is necessary to remove the fishes from the deep hole or
kettle. Any attempt to remove decayed matter and sediment,
while fishes still occupy the deeper portions of a pond, may be
fatal to them, as dangerous gases are then liberated among the
crowded fishes. If the pond is very foul, it should be only par-
tially lowered at first and the fishes removed with a seine.
With a reserve pond or two, it is possible, not only to thor-
oughly clean a pond, but to “winter” it: that is, leave the bottom
100 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL / SOGIETY.
WHITE PERCE:
exposed for a time to the action of the sun and frost. It destroys
excessive plant growth and kills out destructive water beetles and
other enemies of young fishes and is approved by most profes-
sional fish culturists. With a series of ponds constructed at
different levels, the overfiow of the upper ponds will serve to
feed those below. The more fall there is to the water the better
will be its aeration—a matter of great importance to small ponds.
It is desirable that surface water caused by rainstorms be kept
out of small ponds by banking up or ditching.
The following instances, among many which came under the
writer’s personal observation, will serve to show some of the diff-
culties in the way of successful management, where ponds are
constructed without provision having been made for drawing
down or seining :
A certain deep lake of about two acres in Connecticut, formed at
great expense by damming a brook, is without any provision for
drawing down. The conditions prevailing in it are unknown, and
nothing but hook and line or some form of trap-net are available
for ascertaining its contents, since its borders will not permit of
the use of a drag net. In the meantime, snapping turtles kill the
young ducks on it each summer, and there is no way of getting
rid of them.
Another pond, which could not be lowered, was believed to be
ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 101
ROCK BASS.
without fishes, until the use of a seine in one corner showed
that the yellow perch fry introduced two years before had already
attained good size. The presence of snags elsewhere in this lake
prevented the use of the net. The management of this pond will
always be difficult and unsatisfactory.
A lake in the Zoological Park, stocked with yellow perch fry in
1903, Was represented to be without fishes, until the use of a
seine, sent from the Aquarium a year later, showed it to be well
supplied. The full utilization of this lake is however impossible,
since its bottom has many scattered rocks which prevent effective
seining. If the rocks had been removed originally, a good sized
seine would sweep it from end to end.
Water Supply.—The water supply of the fish-pond is the most
important thing to be considered. It must in fact be taken into
consideration before the artificial pond is made. The flow of
water should be abundant. About twice as much will usually be
required as the beginner thinks is necessary.
Ponds fed by strong springs are excellent and are not subject to
the dangers to which stream-fed ponds are exposed. Their tem-
perature is naturally more equable throughout the year and they
are less liable to heavy freezing in winter. In warm weather
and in the winter time, pond-fishes avoid extreme temperature by
frequenting the vicinity of bottom springs. Spring-water, how-
ever, contains less life available as fish food, and less air than
102 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
that from brooks. Its value for pond supply will be improved, if
it can be led some distance as a rivulet.
Fish-life in small ponds with limited water supply will suffer
from heavy ice in winter. The ice should be broken daily, and
masses of brush and branches placed partly in the water will aid
in keeping air holes open, especially if they are moved by the
wind.
Extent and Depth of Ponds.—The extent and depth of ponds
made by damming streams, will be governed somewhat by the
nature of the situation available.
A pond of an acre or more in extent, and with eight or ten feet
of water in the deepest part, will, if properly managed, give ex-
cellent results. It may be necessary to make it less than one-
quarter of an acre in extent, but a small pond should have an
extreme depth of not less than six feet, although it is quite pos-
sible with a strong water supply to raise fishes in very small and
shallow ponds. This, however, means active cultivation, with
daily feeding of the fishes, numerous ponds to permit of sorting,
and all the details of a fish-cultural establishment. As a matter-
of-fact, nearly all of the extensive fish-breeding carried on by
the National and State fish commissions has been done in ponds
of rectangular shape, averaging perhaps less than 100 feet in
length and 25 feet in width, having depths of only three or four
feet. Such ponds are worked in series, as nursery and rearing
ponds, and there are generally two or more ponds of large size
in which fishes of different growths can be held.
The following extract from the report of the fish commissioner
of Indiana for 1903-04, is worth inserting in this connection:
“Mr. Carl H. Thompson, of Warren, Indiana, has a fish pond
60 x 120 feet in surface dimensions, and from four to six feet
deep. In May, 1895, he placed in this pond four pairs of small-
mouthed black bass. Fifteen months later he seined the pond and
took therefrom, by actual count, 1,017 black bass averaging one
pound each. In addition to the above he took between six and
seven hundred yellow perch, weighing, according to his statement,
‘not less than 250 pounds.’ This makes the production of the
pond amount to 1,267 pounds for a period of fifteen months.”
The whole subject of fish-culture of this character—carried on
in small excavated ponds, wiil be found, discussed at length, in
the “Manual of Fish Culture,” referred to later.
Ponds to be used for black bass and in fact most other fishes,
ought to be several acres in extent and quite deep. In general,
ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 103
fishes kept in small ponds do not attain the size of those in large
ponds since their range and food supply are restricted.
Feeding.—lIi large numbers of black bass, rock bass and calico
bass are removed for safety to smaller ponds where they may
exhaust the natural food supply, it will be necessary to feed them.
If they are put in small “nursery ponds” where they are crowded,
feeding is imperative. The principal natural food of fishes is fish,
which should be perfectly fresh. For young fishes it must be cut
and boned, then rubbed through a fine wire screen. Fresh meat
or liver must be prepared in the same way. For the details re-
specting the feeding of young fishes the reader is referred to
the “Manual of Fish Culture,” or some other work on the subject.
Adult fishes kept in restricted quarters will also require feed-
ing. They may be fed iargely on live minnows. Among the
fish-foods used at the New York Aquarium, are live minnows,
live shrimps, chopped fish, beef, liver and clams.
It is a mistake to suppose that fishes do not require an abun-
dance of food. They may live without it but can not grow.
Water Plants.—About one-quarter of the ordinary pond should
be as shallow as 10 or 12 inches and planted with pondweeds,
such as Potamogeton, parrots-feather (Myriophyllum), water-
celery (Vallisneria), hornwort (Ceratophyllum) and Cabomba.
Suitable plants for the purpose may be found in most streams and
ponds, and there are many others than those mentioned. Water
plants that are satisfactory in some regions may, however, not
be so in others farther north or south. Water-plants are neces-
sary as shelter for young fishes, and greatly increase the various
forms of small aquatic life necessary for their food. They also
serve to aerate the water, which is most important in small and
sluggish ponds. They may be planted by tying to stones and
dropping them from a boat, or set in the ground after the water
has been partially lowered. The slightly greater depths—from
one to three feet, may be planted with water-lilies, while the
more extensive and deeper portions should be kept clear of
vegetation. If the vegetation becomes too thick it can usually
be pulled out with a rake, but it is sometimes necessary to cut it
with the scythe. Willow and other trees should be planted at
some points to furnish shade.
Aquatic insects, crustaceans and mollusks, bred among pond-
weeds, constitute no small feature of the ponds food supply. It
is recorded in the “American Fish Culturist,” that an electric light
over a certain pond was found to attract insects which fell in
the water in such numbers as to supply an important quantity of
104 NEW.” YORK -ZCOLOGICAL SOClainy:
fish food. If the pondweeds, together with the brook-minnows,
frogs, crustaceans and other small fry which are to establish the
natural supply of food, can be introduced a year before the stock
fish are put in, the conditions for success will be greatly improved.
Spawning Places.—Fish-ponds should be supplied with spawn-
ing conditions suitable to the fishes occupying them: Small-
mouthed black bass, which make their nests in gravel, will require
gravelly bottom: Large-mouthed black bass, which nest among
the roots of plants, will find the conditions they require among
the weeds of the pond. Yellow perch, which spawn among twigs
under water, are easily accommodated—pieces of brush may be
set firmly in the bottom where the water is shallow, in the branches
of which they will deposit large whitish masses of spawn. Ii the
brush tops extend several inches above the surface of the water,
so that they will be swaved by the wind, and kept free of sedi-
ment, the hatching of masses of spawn will be greatly facilitated.
Rock bass and the various species of sunfish which, like the
small-mouthed black bass, make their nests in gravelly places,
will absolutely require places of that character if they are ex-
pected to increase and a few cartloads of gravel dumped around
the lake in water about two feet in depth will furnish the necessary
conditions.
Since ponds, to be successful, must have proper spawning condi-
tions, some study of the habits of pond fishes is important and
there are numerous helpful books available. It is now the custom
with professional fish-culturists to supply artificial spawning nests
in ponds containing small-mouthed black bass. These are small
shallow boxes about two feet square filled with mixed gravel
and sand, which early in the spring are placed everywhere in
shallow water around the pond. They are at once appropriated
by pairs of basses seeking spawning places. The boxes have
boards nailed on two sides at adjoining corners, which extend
about a foot higher, affording shelter for the basses similar to
that which they naturally seek under the shelter of submerged
logs.
Basses guard their nests for several days after the spawn has
been deposited, and it is the custom at fish cultural establishments
to place over the nest before the young fishes leave it, a light
circular frame of ircn covered with cheese cloth, one end of
which protrudes above the water. This prevents the young fishes
from wandering away from the nest, and makes it possible for
them to be removed with the dip net to nursery ponds, where they
ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 105
are safe from their enemies and the cannibalistic tendencies of
their parents.
One of the numerous private ponds visited by the writer, a
pond half a mile in length, was examined with great care and
found to be totally lacking in gravel areas. Although it had been
stocked several times with smali-mouthed black bass, there had
apparently been no natural increase. With a mud bottom it
afforded no spawning surface whatever for this species. The
writer recommended the introduction of numerous artificial
spawning nests, or the introduction of the large-mouthed bass
which would not require gravel beds, but could spawn among
ARTIFICIAL SPAWNING NEST.
the abundant water plants. It is probably unnecessary to add
that there should be no fishing allowed during the spawning sea-
son, which with most of the fishes mentioned is in the spring
months.
Number of Fishes Required.—In stocking waters it is not nec-
essary to have a large number of adult fishes. For a pond of
about an acre in extent, twenty pairs of black bass will be suffi-
cient, and perhaps fifty pairs of any of the other kinds of fishes
mentioned. These numbers will in fact suffice for still larger
ponds and should be reduced for smaller ponds. When the con-
ditions are right the progeny of the first year will usually stock
106 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL, SOCIETY.
CATEISH.
the pond to the limit of its natural food supply. It should be
borne in mind that heavy stocking serves no useful purpose, unless
it is the intention to catch some of the adults the first year. It is
just as well to stock with two or three kinds of fishes and time
will show which species are the best adapted to that particular
body of water. With black bass the yellow perch may be placed
with safety, not only on account of the food it supplies to the
former, but also on account of its own value as a food fish. It
is remarkably prolific, and with a good start can usually take care
of itself. The same may be said of the catfish. It is harmless,
since the basses and sunfishes are active in guarding their own
nests. The yellow perch and the catfish may also be introduced
into ponds containing rock bass or calico bass. There is no
reason why black bass, rock bass, and calico bass should not be
kept together if the pond is of considerable size.
Commercial Importance of Certain Basses, Perches, etc.—The
following figures relative to the annual catch and value of the
fishes named, are derived from recent Government statistics and
show only the quantity and value of fishes marketed. There are
no means of ascertaining the catch of the same species made by
anglers and other non-professional fishermen, although the ag-
gregate must be very great. The catch is of course made in
public waters:
ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 107
WHITE BASS.
Pounds. Value.
PIANC om lenaSS acoso os stcnsence em epee ane el 1,939,571 $150,471
Naso MP CECIL Spee arta vet ote FO7l. 220 181,504
Wither enele mias2 asso sity ao stents 1,397,300 161,188
Crappie and Strawberry Bass...... 2,686,230 TOL, 22
Swish (all kands)i neces wacde tae < 2,094,940 52,846
CathishmeetllPkaadS \on sore take owl Ss 13,103,706 534,425
A Opal Papen Oran tA eee siars here 28,292,979 $1,141,556
The Large-Mouthed Black Bass, (Micropterus salmoides). This
species is one of the best for ponds. It grows faster and larger
than the small-mouthed black bass, and will take the hook in
winter when the latter will not. It is easier to cultivate and will
thrive in warmer and more sluggish waters. While not so gamy,
it can be depended upon, under ordinary favorable conditions, to
furnish a good supply of fish-food for the table. Spawning as it
does among the roots of water plants, a gravelly bottom is not
essential unless other species are kept with it. In the south it
reaches its greatest development, Florida specimens sometimes
exceeding twenty pounds. In the north its average weight 1s
less than four pounds.
The Small-Mouthed Black Bass, (Micropterus dolomieu) is
generally considered the pluckiest of game fishes. If sport with
108 NEW? YORK ZOOLOGICAL SO Clie
the rod is the main object, this is probably the fish to introduce.
Its weight sometimes exceeds six pounds—two and a half being
the average. Unlike the large-mouthed bass, it hibernates in
winter. It requires gravel bottom for spawning.
Under the best conditions, with a good food supply and con-
siderable area and depth of water either species of black bass
may increase in size at the rate of about a pound a year. In
lakes of several acres in extent they will do better than in small
ponds.
Both species may often be taken with the trolling spoon when
other lures fail.
The black bass spawn from March to June according to the
climate. Their cannibalistic tendencies are strong, and the small
fishes should be kept separate from the large ones.
Rock Bass or Red Eye, (Ambloplites rupestris). Next to the
black bass this is one of the most satisfactory species to cultivate,
especially in spring-fed ponds. Its natural range has been greatly
increased by artificial introduction.
The rock bass increase rapidly and a pond of several acres
properly stocked will soon fill up with them. It is an excellent
food-fish, reaching, it is said, a weight of two pounds in some
waters, but in most ponds a quarter of a pound would be nearer
the average. The rock bass is one of the easiest fishes to catch,
readily taking worms, pieces of fish, grasshoppers, and other baits.
It will also take the artificial fly or small spoon either in casting
or trolling and is a vigorous fighter on the line. It builds and
guards its nest like the small-mouthed black bass, and in the
pond may be provided for in the same way.
Yellow Perch, (Perca flavescens). If the pond is to be stocked
with yellow perch there will be “something doing,” since it is a
remarkably prolific species, likely to take care of itself and reaches
a good size. It is an ideal pond-fish, readily caught and good to
eat. It has been introduced everywhere, ard is therefore the
most easily procurable fish for stocking. Although its weight
in New York State sometimes exceeds three pounds, the average
of those taken in ponds is not much more than half a pound.
Its flavor is best in spring and fall. In summer it should be
skinned to avoid any muddy flavor, but with this fish, skinning
is no more difficult than scaling. The largest fishes are to be
found in the deepest water. The usual run of fish baits are
effective in fishing for it, and it may be taken with the artificial
fly or by trolling with spoon or minnow.
The yellow perch lays its eggs in masses in shallow water as
ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 109
soon as ice is permanently off the water. When pieces of brush
are placed in the water the fishes will deposit their whitish egg
clusters among them. If the egg masses are removed in buckets
of water to some place where they can be protected, the yield of
small fishes will be greatly increased.
Calico Bass, (Pomo.xis sparoides) and Crappie, (Pomoxts an-
nularis). These fishes are highly recommended for ponds. They
breed rapidly, are excellent pan-fishes, and do not disturb other
species. The range of the calico bass is somewhat more northern
than its near relative the crappie, with which it is often confused,
but both species have been widely distributed by artificial means,
and can be procured in most of the Eastern States.
They may be kept in ponds with bass, perch, or sunfishes, thrive
with little care and will stand rather warm ponds. If the pond 1s
large and the water deep, the size of the fish is apt to be larger.
Good baits for catching them, are live minnows, worms, cray-
fish, tadpoles, and crickets ; cut bait is also effective. Both species
are active on the line, and will take the artificial fly.
White Perch, (Morone americana). This is mainly a fish of
coastal waters, ascending streams to spawn. It is frequently land-
locked in fresh-water lakes and breeds there, and has, at times,
been common in Prospect Park lakes in New York City. It is a
first class food-fish attaining a weight of two pounds, but the
average fish in fresh-water is not much cver half a pound.
It spawns from April to June among weeds and brush. The
usual baits are available in taking it, and it will give fair sport
with the artificial fly and light tackle. White perch in bass ponds
are liable to annoy the latter during the nesting season.
White Bass, (Roccus chrysops) and Yellow Bass, (Morone in-
terrupta).—The white bass, inhabiting the Great Lakes and upper
Mississippi region, and the yellow bass of the lower Mississippi,
are both available for pond culture. The former has been intro-
duced into many of the smaller lakes of New York and New
Jersey, and has proved to be satisfactory as a pond-fish, making
rapid growth the first year. Both species attain weights of as
much as three pounds, take the usual baits of fresh-water fishes,
and will rise to the artificial fly, the first being especially gamy.
Blue-Gilled Sunfish, (Lepomis pallidus). This is the largest
of the sunfishes. It thrives in ponds and will live in as warm
water as any native food-fish. It attains a weight of two pounds,
although the average is less than one pound. It is highly recom-
mended for ponds.
All the sunfishes are prolific, and like the basses make their nests
110 NEW YORK” ZOOLOGICAL, SOCIBiY,
on gravelly bottom and guard them. All are good food-fishes, are
caught with a greater variety of baits than most fishes and rise
to the fly.
Common Cathsh, (Ameiurus nebulosus). If you must have
a fish-pond, and do not intend to give it any attention whatever,
stock it with catfish. They will come as near to raising them-
selves as anything you can get except carp. If you want fish to
catch and fish to eat, and perhaps some to sell, try catfish. There
are several chances out of ten that they will grow without care,
and they can be kept in ponds containing other fishes. Catfish
for stocking can be found anywhere, are easy to transport, and
there are several kinds from which to select. One of the best is
the marbled catfish (4A. marmoratus). They will weigh three-
quarters of a pound when one year old, and three pounds when
three years old. They can be caught with hook and line, and so
easily that children will do most of the catching. Any kind of bait
will do, and they can usually be caught in winter when other fishes
are half torpid. When taken from a muddy pond they should be
put in a tank of running water for a few days, when their flavor
will be all right. All catfish should be skinned before cooking.
They are as near boneless as any fish to be found, and if you have
been falsely educated as to their edible qualities, just try them.
According to negro philosophy “a catfish on the line is worth
two whales in the water.”
A BRIEF LIST OF USEFUL WORKS ON FISH-CULTURE:
A Manual of Fish-Culture—By fish culturists in the service of
the United States Bureau of Fisheries. Original edition pub-
lished in the Report of the U. S. Fish Commission for 1897,
pages 1-340. Revised edition published separately in tg00. The
most useful work on the subject, especially to professional fish
culturists. Probably out of print. It may sometimes be found
on the shelves of second-hand book dealers. Separate chapters
on the basses, crappies, etc., distributed free by the Bureau of
Fisheries, Washington, D. C.
Modern Fish-Culture in Fresh and Salt Water. Fred Mather.
A useful work of 333 pages by an experienced fish culturist.
Contains important matter on ponds and their management. New
York, 1900.
The Habits and Culture of the Black Bass. Dwight Lydell.
Published as follows: Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission for
ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. elt
1902, pages 39-44. Transactions American Fisheries Society,
pages 45-57. Report Indiana Fish Commissioner, 1903-04, pages
320-331. An excellent paper on the subject.
The Propagation of the Small Mouth Black Bass. Seymour
Bower. Transactions American Fisheries Society, 1896, pages
127-136. Very useful.
The Breeding Habits, Development and Propagation of the
Black Bass. Jacob Reighard. Published as Bulletin No. 7 of
the Michigan Fish Commission. Pages 1-73 (from 16th annual
report) ; and also as Contribution No. 97 from the Zoological
Laboratory of the University of Michigan. An excellent paper in
which the subject is brought up to date.
Fish Hatching and Fish Catching. Seth Green_and R. B.
Roosevelt, Rochester, 1879; 245 pages. Contains useful matter on
ponds, and on the habits of fishes.
Book of the Black Bass. James A. Henshall. Cincinnati, 1900 ;
403 pages. Contains much on the habits of bass that will be useful
to the pond culturist.
Domesticated Trout. Livingston Stone. A standard work on
trout culture, which contains more or less matter on ponds. The
third edition, 1877, 367 pages. Later editions are available.
An Anglers’ Paradise and How to Obtain It. J. J. Armistead,
London, 1895, pages 1-304. An excellent work on trout culture,
containing several chapters on ponds and their management.
The Carp and Its Culture. Rudolph Hessel. Published in the
Report of the U. S. Fish Commission for 1875, pages 865-goo.
Contains much useful matter on the construction and care of
ponds.
Utilizing Water by Fish-Culture. Paul Benecke. Published in
the Report of the U. S. Fish Commission for 1883, pages I10I-
1142. Contains abundant information on the management of
natural and artificial ponds.
Pond-Culture. Carl Nicklas. Published in the Report of the
U.S. Fish Commission for 1884, pages 467-655. <A lengthy dis-
cussion of the subject, especially on the construction and man-
agement of ponds.
Notes on Fish-Culture in Germany. S. Jaffe and others. Pub-
lished in the Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission for 1895,
pages 311-324.
Fish-Culture on the Farm. J. J. Stranahan. A decidedly useful
but rather brief paper published as follows: In Transactions
American Fisheries Society, 1902, pages 130-135. In American
ita hy NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL, SOCIETY:
Fish-Culturist, May, 1904, pages 20-23, and in the Ohio Farmer.
Not issued separately so far as known.
Construction of Ponds and Pond-Culture Methods. By J. L.
Leary. A brief, but useful paper published as follows: In Trans-
actions) American Fisheries Society, 1904, pages 139-142. In
American Fish-Culturist, January, 1905, pages 23-25, and in
Report of Illinois Fish Commission, 1902-04; pages 41-43. Not
issued separately so far as known.
Fish Culture for Farmers. By William E. Meehan. A useful
paper. Published in the Report of the Pennsylvania Department
of Agriculture for 1895, pages 115-134.
List of Gifts
LOSELHE ZOOLOGICAL SOGEY.
(Complete from January 1, 1906, to January 1, 1907.)
Asseson, Dr. Atice, New York City:
Yellow-Shafted Flicker.
Austin, E. H., Gaylordsville, Conn. :
Horned Grebe.
Ayars, WILLIAM Stewart, State College, Pa.:
Horned Grebe.
Baker, L. L., Steward, Yacht “Narada,’ New London, Conn.:
Golden Baboon.
BameBy, JoHN, New York City:
Alligator.
Barpsour, Grorce, New York City:
South American Otter.
Baum, Ricuarp, New York City:
Mockingbird.
BenpAa, WLADYSLAW T., New York City:
Slender-Billed Cockatoo.
BENEDICT, CHARLES P., New York City:
Dipsas Tree Snake.
Bercer, Miss Ena, Stapleton, Staten Island, N. Y.:
South American Turtle.
Berry, Dr., New York City:
Yellow-Shafted Flicker.
Buss, Miss S. (through Mr. J. Bardusch), New York City:
Golden Pheasant.
Borovac, M,, West Seneca, Erie County, N. Y.:
Florida Gallinule.
Bourne, FrepertcK G., New York City:
African Two-Horned Rhinoceros.
Boyp, Mrs. G., Jersey City, N. J.:
Blue Jay.
Bray, Georce W., New York City:
Coati Mundi.
Bressier, A. E., Athens, Pa.:
Fox Squirrel.
Brey, Mrs. F. W., New York City:
Box-Turtle (8 specimens), Cumberland Turtle.
BrosEMANN, F. G., New York City:
Yellow-Headed Amazon Parrot
Brown, CLareNcE D., New York City:
Muskrat.
Brown, Epwin Lewis, New York City:
Spotted Pond-Turtle.
Brown, Herpert, Yuma, Arizona:
Diamond Rattlesnake, Gila Monster, Horned Rattlesnake.
Bur_eicH, G. W., New York City:
Agouti.
Capy, Pierre, Bloomfield, N. J.:
Collection of Salamanders, Newt, Red Salamander (3 specimens),
Bull Frog, Salamander (74 specimens).
114 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
CANAVAN, Miss JosepHine, New York City:
Painted Turtle.
CAPTAIN OF THE STEAMER “FurnessiA,” New York City:
Gyrfalcon.
CAPTAIN OF THE STEAMER “Oscar Seconp,” Hoboken, N. Is
European Curlew.
Carpeza, T. D. M., Germantown, Philadelphia, Pa. :
Elk (5 specimens), Buffalo (5 specimens).
Caterson, Epwarp, New York City:
Alligator.
CHIEF ENGINEER OF THE STEAMER “Er Crp,” New York City:
Purple Gallinule.
CuurcuH, Mrs. E., New York City:
Northern Yellow throat.
CLARKE, ALAN R., New York City:
Painted Turtle (2 specimens), Box Tortoise, Snapping Turtle.
CLARKE, HAROoLp, New York City:
Wood-“Turtle.”
CoLLieR, Ropert, New York City:
Red-and-Blue Macaw.
CRUICKSHANK, Ropert F., Big Indian, Ulster County, N. Y.:
Ring-Necked Snake.
Davies, Oriver M., Columbus, Ohio:
Black Hawk.
DE ANDRADE, ALFRED, New York City:
Anaconda.
DeNGLER, Otto, New York City:
Yellow-Fronted Amazon Parrot.
Dovce, Marcettus HartLey, New York City:
Boa (2*specimens), Razor-Billed Curassow, Ocelot, Black Capuchin
Monkey.
DonneELLy, JosEPpH, New York City:
Crow (2 specimens).
Dorn, RicHarp, New York City:
Bull Frog, Wood-“Turtle.”
Dove, ApAM, New York City:
The following specimens were collected by Mr. Dove and Mr. Pearsall
in the vicinity of Forestine, Sullivan County, N. Y.: 6 Rattle-
snakes, 20 Garter Snakes, 2 Black Snakes, 4 Water Snakes, 3 Milk
Snakes, 9 Storer’s Snakes, 3 Ring-Necked Snakes, 3 Green Snakes,
1 Ribbon Snake, 1 Hog-Nosed Snake. Total, 52 specimens.
Duet, Dr. ArtHur B., New York City:
Alaskan Black Bear (2 specimens).
Duntze, G., New York City:
Great Horned Owl.
Dursin, THomas, New York City:
6 Cowbirds, 6 Indigo Buntings, Scarlet Tanager, 2 Baltimore Orioles,
2 Song Sparrows, Catbird, 2 Red-Winged Blackbirds, 3 Bobolinks.
2 Rose-Breasted Grosbeaks, Bluebird. Total, 21 specimens.
Durieux, Mrs. A., New York City:
Snapping Turtle, Wood-“Turtle.”
EicHuer, Miss Extsitz, New York City:
Alligator.
ELtason, Cart, Hollandale, Florida:
Coachwhip Snake, Scarlet Snake, Corn Snake, European Ring Snake
r “Ringelnatter.”
FICKINGER, WALTER, New York City:
Painted Turtle.
ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 115
Imrie, 1s (C5 listin, 1b Ibe
Crab-Eating Raccoon.
Fo.itett, RrcHaArpD E., Boston, Mass.:
Canada Porcupine.
FrencH, Dr. Cecit, Washington, D. C.:
4 Bull Snakes, Water Snake, 2 Hog-Nosed Snakes.
Gammon, R. J., Bedford Park, New York City:
Alligator (specimen 4 years old).
Ganpic & Btum G., New York City:
Coyote (2 specimens).
GARDINER, Prescott, Ridgewood, N. J.:
Raccoon.
Geer, P. W., the Davenport Farms, Morris Plains, N. J.:
Bob-White
Gitmour, Miss Carrie E., New York City:
Alligator.
Goett, Epwarp, New York City:
Pine Snake, 2 Ribbon Snakes, Water Snake, Red Salamander, 7 Pond
Frogs, also a number of Water Newts.
Gooxi1n, A. S., New York City:
2 Canaries.
Gray, Miss Hazer, New York City:
Guinea Pig.
GuNvbzEN, JoHn, New York City:
Alligator.
HaicutT, C. L., Yonkers, New York:
Slender-Billed Cockatoo (2 specimens).
Hatten, Miss Litiran, Highland Park, IIL:
Alligator.
HarriMAN, E. H., New York City:
Alaskan Black Bear (2 specimens).
Hartzoc, Second Mate, Steamer “Fulda,’ South Brooklyn, N. Y. C.:
Gallinule.
Heppen, Mrs. F. S., Philadelphia, Pa. :
Chipmunk,
HepricH, Hans, New York City:
Green Snake, Milk Snake.
HENFELD, D. C., New York City:
Alligator (3 specimens), Rubber Boa.
Horuister, Miss MartHa, Mamaroneck, N. Y.:
Alligator (3 specimens).
Hoitmes, Caprain Epncar A., New York City:
3 Troupials, 2 Curacao Mockingbirds, Curacao Sparrow Hawk,
Curacao Ground Dove, Bare-Eyed Pigeon, 2 Blue-Headed Parrots.
Hoitmes, Mrs. Encar A., New York City:
Yellow-Faced Parrakeet (2 specimens).
Hoimes, WiiiiaMs, New York City:
Worm Snake.
Hoover, Miss, New York City:
Screech Owl.
Howarp, D. W., New York City:
Jacobin Pigeon (2 specimens).
Hurter, Sr., Juttus, Little Rock, Ark.:
Collection of Salamanders, comprising specimens of: Desmognathus
brimliorum and Spelerpes multiplicata; also 2 Western Painted
Turtles, 4 Striped Swamp Snakes, Soft-Shelled Turtle, 2 Miter
Snakes.
Hurtz, Mrs. Grorce-A., Sound Beach, Conn.:
Alligator.
AG NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
Huss, Coronet Henry, Mount Vernon, New York:
Common Macque Monkey.
IRELAND, Aucust P., New York City:
Alligator (3 specimens).
Jackson, Mrs. R. G., Yonkers, New York:
White-Fronted Amazon Parrot.
Jacos, Paut, Steamer “Grecia,” New York City:
Rhinoceros Iguana (2 specimens).
James, Mrs. ArtHur Curtiss, New York City:
Jaguar (2 specimens).
Jounson, W. J., New York City:
Moss Monkey.
Jones, Dr. J. S., Galveston, Texas:
Sapajou Monkey.
Jones, L. Q., Newport, R. L.:
Raccoon.
KENDAL, WILLIAM H., Binghamton, N. Y.:
Red Fox (2 specimens), Silver Fox.
Kenney, JoHN, Williamsbridge, N. Y.:
Banded Rattlesnake.
Kam, 10) (Ge, lore Cnesiae, IN, YW <
Sparrow Hawk (3 specimens).
KLEINE, CHARLES, New York City:
Barn Owl.
Krause, THEoporE, New York City:
Sea-Gull.
KroeMER, ARTHUR F., New York City:
Yellow-Faced Parrakeet.
Kuper, KATHERINE B., New York City:
Alligator (2 specimens).
Kurzurn, A., New York City:
Canary.
Lapp, Jr., Henry M., Rutherford, N. J.:
Agouti.
Lanpts, ALFRED, New York City:
Canary.
Lauper, Jr., GEorGE, Greenwich, Conn. :
Woodchuck (2 specimens).
LINDEMANN, JoHN, Westchester, New York City:
Jackdaw (2 specimens), Magpie (2 specimens).
Lyncu, Mrs. F. P., New York City:
White-Fronted Amazon Parrot.
McCormick, J. K.. New York City:
Marsh Hawk.
McCoy, Grorce W., Garrison, New York:
Copperhead Snake.
McLoucuHuiin, James, New York City:
American Flamingo (5 specimens).
McMituin, Emerson, New York City:
Black Bear (2 specimens).
MacuHENs, Rosert, Purser of the Steamer “Flandria,’ New York City:
Rhinoceros Iguana (4 specimens), Spotted Cavy.
Mackey, Witiiam H., New York City:
South American Tortoise.
Martin, C. V., New York City:
Macaw.
Maxon, Witi1AM R., New York City:
Central American Tortoise (3 specimens).
BEEVENGE ANNUAL” REPORT. are
Mayers, Jor, Highbridge, New York City:
Alligator.
Meaper, H. L., New York City:
Pine Snake.
Metzcer, Mrs. A., New York City:
Bluebird, Starling (3 specimens), Red-Winged Blackbird (2 speci-
mens), Junco, Song Thrush.
Mever, C. A., New York City:
Blue Jay (2 specimens).
Miter, Cuares F., East Orange, N. J.:
20 Water Snakes, 7 Garter Snakes, 3 Ribbon Snakes, 26 Brown Snakes,
10 Muhlenberg’s Turtles, 6 Musk Turtles, 1 Red Salamander, 5
Sculptured Terrapins, 10 Spotted Turtles, 16 Box Tortoises, 1
Snapping Turtle, 7 Wood-‘Turtles,’ 24 De Kay Snakes, 1 Blue-
Tailed Lizard, 111 Frogs, 68 Newts and Salamanders of various
species, I Wood Frog, 2 Bullfrogs, 4 Painted Turtles, 8 Pond
Frogs, 20 Salamanders. Total, 351 specimens.
Miter & Booze, Asbury Park, N. J.:
Alligator.
Miris, Ocpen, Staatsburgh, Duchess County, N. Y.:
Great Horned Owl.
Mitne, Miss KaTHerINeE, Long Island City, L. IL, N. Y.:
Common Macaque Monkey.
Mote, R. R., Port-of-Spain, Trinidad, B. W. I.:
The following Snakes and Lizards from Trinidad: 1 Tree Boa, 1
Coral Snake, 2 Striped Snakes, 1 Blind Snake, 1 Lira Snake, 6
Worm Lizards, 2 Coluber variabilis, 1 Helicop angulatus, 4 Lio-
phis cabella, 1 Oxybelis acuminatus, 3 Geckos, 1 Polychrus mar-
moratus, 4 Tegu Lizards. Total, 28 specimens.
Morris, Miss Cora HemeEn, “Avylon,” Westchester, N. Y.:
Red Fox (2 specimens).
Munson, Dr. A. E., New York City:
Yellow-Shouldered Amazon Parrot.
NatTHan, E. J., New York City:
Chipmunk.
Nicuotson, A. M., Orlando, Florida:
Rattlesnake, Garter Snake (2 specimens), Water Snake.
Noian, F. P., Kinderhook, Columbia County, N. Y.:
Milk Snake.
Nott, Dr. JosepuH L., New York City:
Raccoon.
OcpEN, Miss Fiorence, New York City:
Alligator.
O’Hara, CHarzes, Brooklyn, New York City:
Geographic Terrapin.
PEARSALL, Morrts, New York City:
The following specimens were collected by Mr. Pearsall and
Mr. Dove in the vicinity of Forestine, Sullivan County,
N. Y.: 6 Rattlesnakes, 20 Garter Snakes, 2 Black Snakes, 4
Water Snakes, 3 Milk Snakes, 9 Storer’s Snakes, 3 Ring-Necked
Snakes, 3 Green Snakes, 1 Ribbon Snake, 1 Hog-Nosed Snake.
Total, 52 specimens.
Picker1nc, Miss M. H., East Orange, N. J.:
Golden-Naped Amazon Parrot.
Pierce, Henry Cray, New York City:
Monkey.
Potter, L., New York City:
Yellow-Headed Parrakeet (2 specimens).
118 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
PrecHTaL, Hans, Chief Cook of the Steamer “Prince Eitel Frederic,”
New York City:
Hawk.
REDMOND, GERALDYN, New York City:
California Quail (10 specimens).
REEBER, JOHN, New York City:
Red Fox.
REINHARDT, Rospert F., New York City:
Red Fox.
Rerss, A., Bronxdale, New York:
Screech Owl.
ENE ae First Officer of the Steamer “Flandria,’ New York
ity:
Murine Opossum.
RESLER, ApoLPH, New York City:
Red-Backed Salamander (2 specimens), Spotted Salamander.
Ropinson, Mrs. G., New York City:
Pig-Tailed Monkey.
Roprnson, Mrs. G. RapciiFFE, New York City:
Canary (2 specimens).
Ross, ALEXANDER, Wakefield, New York:
Painted Turtle.
St. GeorcE, Carpet B., Tramore, Ontario, Canada:
Flying Squirrel (5 specimens).
SaLLtey, THomas Pickens (through Roundsman Francis J. Kavanagh),
Newport News, Va.:
White-Nosed Coati Mundi.
ScrimMGeouR, Mrs. JOSEPHINE, Galveston, Texas:
Sapajou Monkey.
Suaw, R. E., West Esmont, Va.:
Common Ring-Necked Snake, Pilot Black Snake.
SHay, Mrs., Hoboken, N. J.:
Yellow-Headed Blackbird.
SHearer, Mrs. Kate, New York City:
White-Headed Mannikin.
Sue ton, F. H., Philadelphia, Pa.:
7 Diamond-Backed Terrapin, 4 California Terrapin, 2 Troost’s Ter-
rapin, 4 Cumberland Terrapin.
SHERWIN, FRrReD., Terrace Park, St. Lawrence County, Morristown, N. Y.:
Flying Squirrel (6 specimens).
Siunis, F. M., New York City:
Alligator.
Situ, C. E., South Norwalk, Conn.:
Bald Eagle.
Smiru, R. H., New York City:
Fox Squirrel.
Spear, Jr., JAMES, Philadelphia, Pa.:
Mexican Boa Constrictor.
Steep, Harotp, Sparkill, New York:
Water Snake.
STEVENSON, Mrs. Paut Eve, Garden City, L. I.:
Blue-Headed Amazon Parrot.
Strokes, Mrs. Horace, Hackettstown, N. J.:
Alligator (2 specimens). ;
Straus, JosepH A., New York City:
Painted Turtle (2 specimens).
StryKer, Epwarp, New York City:
Painted Turtle.
ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 119
SuLLIvAN, Epwarp J., New Brighton, Staten Island, N. Y.:
Blue-and-Yellow Macaw.
THORNE, SAMUEL, New York City:
Hippopotamus.
Toomey, Joun, Bridgeport, Conn.:
Gray Fox.
Trapp, F., New York City:
Barred Owl.
Van Ditton, Davin, Athenia, N. J.:
Turkey Vulture.
Van TAsseL, Apram C., New York City:
Amazon Parrot.
VeEAIL, Ira E., Columbus, Ohio:
2 Newly-Hatched Loons, 2 Loon Eggs.
VELTING, GEORGE, Van Nest, New York City:
Male Purple Finch, Male Red-Winged Blackbird, American Crossbill.
Watter, Anton N., New York City:
Tarantula, Cuban Ground Boa.
WaTERBURY, STANLEY A., Woodhaven, L. I.:
Fox Squirrel (5 specimens), Flying Squirrel (2 specimens).
WERNER, Mrs. ALINE, New York City:
Australian Bush Cat.
WETHERELL, G. H., New York City:
Common Box Tortoise.
WHEALTON, Dr. A. W., Chincoteagne, Va.:
Military Macaw, Red-and-Blue Macaw.
Wiccers, A. F. A., New York City:
Banded Rattlesnake (3 specimens).
WILLIAMSON, THomAS M., Erie, Pa.:
King Snake.
Witson, Georce, Harrison, Westchester County, N. Y.:
Sapajou Monkey.
Zatta, AuGcust J., Hoboken, N. J.:
Paradoxure (2 specimens).
FHliscellaneous List.
ALLGOEVER, GEORGE, New York City:
Terrarium.
CRANE, WarreEN C., New York City:
A collection of admission tickets to the London Zoological Garden.
Hornapay, Wittiam T., New York City:
Collection of 138 heads and pairs of horns, representing I08 species
of ungulates, given as the nucleus for a national collection of
heads and horns. Described and listed in a special publication.
Trevor, Mrs. J. B., Glenview, Yonkers, New York:
Cycas Palm. :
Woop, Georce S., Westchester, New York:
Ficus elastica.
Gifts to the Library.
AMERICAN Museum oF NaTurRAL History, New York City:
Memoirs, Vol. IX, Parts 1 and 2.
BrooKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND ScreNcES, Brooklyn, New York City:
Six numbers of the Bulletin.
Report for 1905.
CARNEGIE INSTITUTE OF WASHINGTON, (through Charles B. Davenport),
Washington, D. C.:
Inheritance in Poultry. By C. B. Davenport.
120 NEW YORK) ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY:
DEPARTMENT OF BoTANICAL RESEARCH, CARNEGIE INSTITUTE, Washington,
(eS a
Recherches sur la Faune Parasitaire de L’Egypte, Premiére Partie,
Par le Dr. Arthur Looss.
Contributo Alla Entozoologia D’Egitto, Per il Dott. Prospero Sonsino.
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND Lazor, BUREAU OF FISHERIES:
The Golden Trout of the Southern High Sierras. By Barton Warren
Evermann.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY DEPARTMENT OF CANADA, Ottawa, Canada:
Annual Report of the Geological Survey of Canada, 1901, 1902-03.
HaGMANN, Dr. G., Zoologische Sammlungen:
As Aves Brasilicas. By Dr. G. Hagmann.
NATAL GOVERNMENT Museum, Natal:
First Report of the Natal Government Museum, (1904).
Annals of the Natal Government Museum, Vol. I, Part 1.
New York Botanicat GARDENS, New York City:
64 Pamphlets on Zoological Subjects.
PHILADELPHIA ACADEMY OF ScIENCES, Philadelphia, Pa.:
Proceedings, Vols. LVII and LVIII.
SCHLESISCHE GESELLSCHAFT FUR VATERLANDISCHE CULTUR-BRESLAU,
(through Herrn Karl W. Heirsemann) :
Drieundachtzigster Jahres—Bericht der Schlesischen Gesellschaft ftir
vaterlandische Cultur, (1905).
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, Washington, D. C.:
Annual Report, 1902, 1904 and 1905.
A Contribution to the Oceanography of the Pacific. By James M.
Flint.
Unitep STATES COMMISSION OF FISH AND FISHERIES:
Hydroids of the Hawaiian Islands, collected by the S. S. “Albatross”
in 1902. By Professor C. C. Nutting.
Unitep States DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Washington, D. C.:
Yearbook, for 1904 and 10905.
Unitep States GEOLOGICAL Survey, (Dept. Int.) :
The Geography and Geology of Alaska. By Alfred H. Brooks and
others.
Unirep States NationaL Museum, Washington, D. C.:
Annual Report, 1902, 1904 and 1905.
Proceedings, Vols. 30 and 31.
University oF Montana, Missoula, Montana:
The Butterflies of Montana. By Morton J. Elrod.
VON PLEYEL, JOSEPH:
Die Schulsammlung. By Joseph von Pleyel.
Gifts to the Aquarium.
Awrens, Mrs. WALTER, Jersey City, N. J.:
Collection of Frogs, Newts and Turtles.
ANDERSON, JOHN J., New York City:
Box Tortoise and Spotted Turtle.
Ayer, Miss Marcaret, New York City:
2 Alligators.
Baker, F. M., Staten Island, N. Y.:
Painted Turtle.
BEALE, Frep A., New York City:
Crocodile.
Brsuop, Henry, Baltimore, Md.:
12 Fancy Goldfishes.
BLANK, Wa trtTER, New York City:
Horseshoe Crab.
ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 121
Carron, Harry, New York City:
Alligator.
Carson, Miss, New York City:
Horned “Toad.”
Casrey, WitttAM, New York City:
Turtle.
Cuase, E. D., Brooklyn, N. Y.:
2 Lizards from Kentucky.
Ciark, Master Bitty, New York City:
Box Turtle, 2 Wood-“Turtles,” 13 Spotted Turtles, 2 Painted Turtles,
16 Newts, 12 Crayfish, 1 Peeper-Frog, and frog spawn.
CrypE STEAMSHIP Co., (through General Manager Theo. G. Eger), and
Fiormpa East Coast Rattway, (through General Traffic Manager
J. P. Beckwith) :
Free transportation for two Manatees from Florida to New York.
CocKRANE, W. W., Harpers Ferry, W. Va.:
Large-mouth Black Bass.
Cortie, S., New York City:
2 Large-mouth Black Bass.
CotumBiA University, New York City:
2 Salamanders, 3 Leopard Frogs, 24 Newts, 3 Necturus, 1 Goldfish
Currys’ Sons, WiLL1AM, Key West, Florida:
2 Hawksbill Turtles.
Dimock, A. W., Marco, Florida:
2 Manatees.
Dion, J. G., 130 York Street, Jersey City, N. J.:
Mantis Shrimp.
Eaton, Mrs. E. C., Newark, N. J.:
Alligator.
Ecpert, Master Rag, Staten Island, N. Y.:
Painted Turtle.
Evans, Miss FiroreNnce ADELE, Montclair, N. J.:
2 Alligators.
Fenprick, Miss KatHarINA F., New York City:
Green Turtle.
FrepwWAyY, C., Ridgebury, N. Y.:
Box Turtle.
GorTsLEBEN, Emit, Rum Cay, Bahama Islands.
Hawksbill Turtle.
GrEENuS, Miss Grace, Brooklyn, N. Y.:
Chameleon.
HaANnnIGAN, Witttiam D., New York City:
Alligator.
HANNING, Dr. J. H., New York City:
Chameleon.
Hayner, A. D., New York City:
Alligator.
Hopeson, Mrs. E. €., Brooklyn, N. Y.:
Alligator.
InINMAN, C. D., 1142 Franklin Avenue, Bronx, New York:
Painted Turtle.
Jacos, Cart. Paut, Steamship “Grecia,” New York City:
Collection of Hermit-Crabs, Inagua Island, Bahamas.
James, J. B., New York City:
Pikefish.
Kanzow, O. C., New York City:
Hawksbill Turtle.
Kent, Master Sotomon, Brooklyn, N. Y.:
Wood-“Turtle.”
1 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL, SOGIETY:
KINNEAS, VANCE Lines, New York City:
Alligator.
Krant, Master Leon, New York City:
Painted Turtle.
Linpasury, Miss M. A., Wharton, Morris County, N. J.:
Alligator.
Loner, C. H., Brooklyn, N. Y.:
Box-Turtle.
Mattoon, Miss Laura I., Springfield, Mass.:
Alligator.
Mayer, Dr. A. G., Carnegie Institution, Dry Tortugas, Florida:
20 Land-Crabs, 3 Hermit-Crabs, lot of Loggerhead Turtle eggs.
Morcan, Master Jor Wricut, New York City:
3 Spotted Turtles.
Morrison, Paut F., Ellis Island, N. Y.:
Alligator.
Munson, Harry, Munson, L. I.:
Alligator.
Murray, L., New York City:
Turtle.
NatrionaL ZooLtocicAL Park, Washington, D. C. (through Dr. Frank
Baker, Supt.) :
2,000 pounds quartz-rock for decorating exhibition tanks,
NeEwsBaueEr, Gus, Williamsburg, N. Y.:
Snapping Turtle.
New York Forest, Fish AND GAME Commission, Albany, N. Y., (through
John D. Whish, Secretary) :
250,000 Yellow Perch eggs, 500,000 Smelt eggs.
New York SHELLFISH Commission, New York City, (through Hon. B.
Frank Wood, Supt.) :
Collection of Starfishes.
New York ZooLocicAL Park, New York City:
California Sea-Lion.
NicHoray, W. A., Brooklyn, New York:
2 Alligators.
NieMAN, Hans, New York City:
3 Turtles.
O’Connor, P. J., South Brooklyn, New York:
Spanish Snail.
Otiver, H. W., New York City:
Wood-“Turtle.”
PARKER, WILLIAM W., New York City:
Box-Turtle.
RepFIELD, Master Epwarp and Miss Bessie, Closter, N. J.:
4 Wood-Frogs, 1 Newt, 1 Mud-Minnow, to Snails, 18 Salamanders,
2 Box-Turtles, 3 Wood-“Turtles,” 2 Spadefoot Toads, 2 Musk-
Turtles, 4 Painted Turtles, 2 Muhlenberg Turtles, and a quantity
of frog spawn and wood mosses.
RooseEve.t, R. B., Jr., New York City:
Alligator.
Sattspury, Miss Littran, New York City:
Diamondback Terrapin.
ScuHnewer, H., New York City:
Land Hermit-Crab.
Scupper, Capt. Ep., Northport, Suffolk County, L. I.:
2 Sea-Anemones.
SHELTON, FREDERICK H., Media, Pa.:
14 Painted Turtles, 6 Yellow-Bellied “Sliders,” 5 Diamondback Ter-
rapin and 2 Alligator Snappers.
ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 123
SHortT, ‘Mrs. E. L., New York City:
Alligator.
Stuart, Master LyMAN Knicut, Newark, New York:
2 Leatherback Turtles.
Staus, Master Georce, New York City:
Painted Turtle.
Tuxepo Cius, (through Edwin C. Kent), Tuxedo, N. Y.:
4,000 eggs of Brown Trout.
U. S. Bureau or FisHertes, (through Hon. George M. Bowers, Com’r.),
Washington, D. C.:
Fish eggs as follows: 500,000 Pike-Perch, 30,000 Whitefish, 5,000
Rainbow-Trout, 10,000 Brook-Trout, 10,000 Lake-Trout.
UsuHer, Mrs., Brooklyn, N. Y.:
Painted Turtle and Spotted Turtle.
VauGuHt, JoHN N., New York City:
Mantis Shrimp.
Watson, Miss KatHarineE H., New York City:
Alligator.
Weaver, Master JosePH, New York City:
Alligator.
WEEKS, C., New York City:
2 Alligators.
WenzeEL, H. D., New York City:
Alligator.
WeEsTERVELT, Miss RacHet, New York City:
Musk Turtle.
Wuirtripce, F. W., New York City:
Alligator.
Woop, Miss ErHet Constance, Flatbush, L. L.:
8 Yellow-Bellied Salamanders.
Wray, Master Rosert, Closter, N. J.:
Red Salamander.
ZepF, ALBERT E., Hyde Park, New York:
2 Alligators.
Exchanges.
Detroir AguariuM, Detroit, Mich.:
14 Whitefish, 29 Short-eared Sunfish, 33 Rock-Bass, 8 Sauger Pike, 13
Red-Horse, 10 Pike-Perch, 5 Stone-Roller, 1 Pickerel, 9 Crappie,
6 Channel-Catfish,
FrencuH, Dr. Cecit, Washington, D. C.:
3 Painted Turtles, 7 Red-Bellied “Sliders” and 8 Yellow-Bellied
“Sliders.”
SHELTON, F. H., Philadelphia, Pa.:
3 California Turtles.
Purchases.
STEAMER “ANGLER”’—Collections from the “fishing banks” off the New Jer-
sey Coast:
70 Codfish, 182 Sculpins, 12 \Starfishes, 14 Rock-Crabs, 93 Mutton-
Fish, 102 Dogfish, 92 Blackfish, 174 Sea-Ravens, 14 Anglers, I
Flounder, 107 Skates, 12 Bergalls, 5 Sea-Bass, 3 Puffers, 1 Trig-
ger-Fish, 10 Fluke, 3 Sea-Robins, 1 Conger-Eel, 1 Lobster, 2
Spider-Crabs, 1 King-Crab and numerous pieces of coral, mus-
sels, etc.
124 NEW. YORK “ZOOLOGICAL. SOCIE De
Jacor ScHNooR—Collections from the pound-nets at Port Monmouth, N. J.:
2 Sturgeons, 1 Loggerhead Turtle, 1 Tarpon, 29 Weakfish, 1 Sand-
Shark, 11 Yellow Mackerel, 5 Pilot-Fish, 4 Thimble-eyed Mackerel,
1 Tripletail Flasher, 21 Balloon-Fish, 25 Orange Filefish, 11 Pom-
pano, I Moonfish, 2 Remora, 4 Sea-Bass, 8 Bluefish, 17 Massa-
chusetts Filefish, 9 Redwinged Sea-Robins, to Puffers, 5 Skates,
1 Dogfish, 2 Flukes, 3 Shiny Toad-Fish, 5 King-Crabs, 4 Blue
Crabs, 4 Menhaden.
TropicAL FisHes—From Bermuda:
1 Octopus, 13 Spot Snappers, 15 Cowfish, 66 Angel-Fish, 11 Butterfly-
Fish, 44 Surgeon-Fish, 8 Princess Rockfish, 12 Common Rock-
fish, 13 Nassau Groupers, 12 Spotted Morays, 4 Spiny Lobsters,
27 Coney, 54 Mud Parrot-Fish, 2 Strombus, 2 Tiger Rockfish, 3
Queen Trigger-Fish, 32 Yellow Grunts, 1 Black Grunt, 1 Striped
Grunt, 34 Trunkfish, 2 Porcupine-Fish, 45 Sergeant-Major, 113
Four-eyes, 30 Hinds, 5 Salmon Rockfish, 36 Common Trigger-
Fish, 97 Squirrel-Fish, 1 Striped Remora, 9 Hogfish, 3 Yellow-
tails, 5 Red-finned Parrot-Fish, 8 Red Rockfish, 1 Brown Moray,
2 Green Moray, 3 Green Parrot-Fish, 16 Blue Tang, 4 Hogfish,
3 Red Snappers, 2 Gray Snappers, 1 Dom ‘Wate, 3) Crawhsh, 2
Ladyfish.
Other Purchases.
1 Green Turtle, 30 Sea-Horses, 2 Small Crocodiles, 1 Hawksbill Tur-
tle, 4 Large Hellbenders, 6 Mud Puppies, 7 Starfishes, 26 Ane-
mones, 20 Sea-Squirts, 36 Sand-Dollars, some Chiton, lot of coral,
t Tarpon, 2 Harbor-Seals, 5 Alligator Snapping Turtles, 16
Leopard-Frogs, 9 Bullfrogs, 5 Yellow-Bellied “Sliders,” 1 Red-
Bellied “Slider.”
Gifts to Aquarium Library.
CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON, Washington, D. C.:
Publications on Aquatic and Marine Life.
Chimeroid Fishes. Dean.
GraHaAm & Co., ANDREW B., Washington, D. C.:
3 colored plates Crustacea of Hawaiian Islands.
Irtino1s Fish Commission (through N. H. Cohen, Pres.), Springfield, Il. :
Report Illinois Fish Commission, 1902-04.
Itttnoris LABorATORY OF NaturaL History (through Dr. S. A. Forbes,
Director), Urbana, IIl.:
Bulletins of Illinois Laboratory of Natural History.
Jenninecs, G. E., New York City:
Fishing Gazette for 1904 and 10905.
Mark, Dr. E. L., Cambridge, Mass. :
Collection of pamphlets on zoology.
Massacuusetts FrsH AND GAME Commission (through George W. Field.
Chairman), Boston, Mass. :
Report of Massachusetts Fish and Game Commission, 1905.
Scuuyier, Puiiip, Irvington, N. Y.:
Collection of 50 negatives of living fishes.
TowNnsEenpD, CuHarLes H., New York City:
Records and Bibliography of Steamship “Albatross.” Townsend.
Illustrations showing condition of Fur Seal Rookeries, 1895. Town-
send.
Fishes of New York. Bean.
Tracy, Pror. Henry C., Providence, R. k:
The Fishes of Rhode Island. H. C. Tracy.
‘ASNOH ALVNINd
ASS
- . es ’ re
= a
REPORT OF THE VETERINARIAN.
By W. REID BLAIR, D.V.S.
NE fact which has greatly impressed me in the study of the
diseases of wild animals is that in order to obtain the best
results, the statistical method should be used to a great extent. The
collection of a large number of cases, with a careful analysis of
recorded dates, can not but yield valuable conclusions.
In this connection we are gratified to note that the London
Zoological Society is now engaged in the investigation of diseases
of wild animals that die in their Gardens. With the work of
the Philadelphia and Washington Gardens, where such investiga-
tions have been carried on for several years, we feel that we are
no longer alone in this field, that the boundaries of comparative
medicine will be constantly extended, and that the theories of the
past may fall before the revelations of the future.
Pneumonia.—As in former years, a considerable number of
deaths has been due to pneumonia. Most of the cases met with
are well defined cases of lobar penumonia. The animals most
often affected have been the primates, the next in order being
the hoofed animals. A number of cases of broncho-pneumonia
have been met with among the sea-lions and harbor seals. The
pneumonic condition in these animals is invariably fatal. Pneu-
monia is also a frequent complication in animals suffering from
gastro-enteritis and other diseases which tend to lower the re-
sistance of the body forces.
We contemplate making a special study of pneumonia during
the coming year, especially among the primates, where its rav-
ages are most serious. Bacteriological investigations will be made
to determine whether the pneumococcus is constantly present in
these cases, or whether many other infective agents may not con-
tribute to the disease.
Gastro-Enteritis—Fewer deaths from gastro-enteritis have oc-
curred during 1906 than in any previous year. Among the buf-
falo herd, where this disease has previously been so troublesome,
no deaths are to be recorded. Throughout the past vear the herd
has been maintained in fine condition.
128 NEW YORK ZOOEOGICAE “SOCIEIny-
Among the mountain sheep there have been a number of deaths
from gastro-enteritis. The chief etiological factor in the causation
of this disease has been the grass growing upon their ranges.
During the summer, the ranges were thoroughly denuded of
grass, and covered with ashes. Since then there have been fewer
cases of the disease, and it has been possible to keep the animals
on exhibition most of the time.
At one time during the past summer there were as many as
seven animals in the hospital suffering from gastro-enteritis,
most of them from Mountain Sheep Hill. If the disease is taken
in its earliest stages, the great majority of cases readily respond
to treatment.
Cage Paralysis.—Deaths from this troublesome disease have
been fewer in number than during any previous year. Our treat-
ment of the disorder in the early stages, as outlined in previous
reports, continues to give satisfactory results. There are at the
present time several cases of cage paralysis in the Primates
collection, that have been under treatment for over two years,
and all of them show a considerable improvement in condition.
PARASITIC DISEASES.
Intestinal Parasitis—But few deaths were directly due to
intestinal parasitis, and those which took place were among ani-
mals of no great value, generally the small mammals. It is an
interesting fact that a large percentage of the small mammals
which come to our collections, harbor some type of intestinal
parasite, which, if not speedily relieved, will result in setting up a
fatal enteritis. The occasional administration of vermifuges to
these animals greatly reduces the number of deaths which we
would naturally expect from this condition.
Tape-Worm Cysts.—In the medical reports of past years, fre-
quent mention has been made of the prevalence of tape-worm
cysts in a large percentage of the animals dying in the Park.
During the past two years there has been a great reduction in the
number of cases met with, and especially in 1906, when the
condition has been noted in only two or three instances.
Verminous Broncho-Pneumona in Elk.—There have been no
deaths from this disease during the past year; and the elk herd,
generally, was never in such good condition as at the present
time. The reasons for the improved condition of these animals
were fully discussed in the last report of this department, and
need no further comment at this time.
ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 129
Unusual Parasites —Two different species of abdominal filarize
have been found in South America monkeys, both of which are
apparently new to science. Several types of encysted parasites
have been found in the intestinal walls of a number of Asiatic
animals. A black ape, (Cynopithecus niger), from Celebes, died
as a result of a hemorrhagic dysentery caused by the irritation and
erosion of a great number of encysted worms, which had buried
themselves in the mucosa of the large bowel. A more detailed
examination will be made of these parasites at some future time.
Ouarantine.—While it is to be expected that from time to time
infected animals will creep into our collection, despite the most
careful supervision, we are happy to say that no serious outbreak
of infectious or contagious disease has occurred during the past
vear.
Distemper.—Three cases of this disease occurred during 1906.
The introduction of the disease can be traced directly to several
domestic dogs which were captured within the confines of the
Park, and were temporarily confined in one of our hospital cages,
awaiting the arrival of the S. P. C. A. wagon. The Eskimo dog
“Bridge” contracted the disease, but after a prolonged illness
finally recovered. The two cases, which resulted fatally, were
among the coyotes which had been moved to the hospital cages
while their dens were being painted, and were thus exposed to
the contagion.
Distemper is a highly contagious disorder, and one with which
medical treatment is often very unsatisfactory. The method which
we endeavor to follow in regard to this disease, is to closely
inspect those animals which are subject to the disease, when they
first reach the Park, and to immediately quarantine sick animals
upon the first suspicious symptoms of the malady. Unless the
animal is particularly valuable, it has always seemed to us best
to destroy it at once, and thoroughly disinfect the cage in which
it has been confined. Owing to the large number of animals in
our collection, which are directly susceptible to the contagion
of distemper, no precautions, however stringent, could be con-
sidered unjustifiable. So long as such measures are strictly en-
forced we may feel reasonably safe from an epidemic of dis-
temper.
Tuberculosis—This disease has been confined almost exclu-
sively to the animals in the Primates collection, the single excep-
tion being that of a binturong or “bear cat,” (Arctictis binturong),
which showed on autopsy an extensive pulmonary and lymphatic
tuberculosis. This animal was in the collection only a few weeks.
130 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
Of the nine cases of tuberculosis occurring among the Pri-
mates, six of these died, or were destroyed, while under quaran-
tine control, and previous to their admission to the exhibition
halls. Of this number, the only specimen of value was a young
chimpanzee, which had been deposited in the Park only a short
time. Several monkeys have died of an advanced pulmonary
tuberculosis within a few days after their arrival. These cases
were in animals that had been in captivity for some time, and
were received at the Park as gifts.
Fish Poisoning.—Several cases of this apparently unavoidable
condition have occurred in our fish-eating animals. The large
quantity of fish used, and the great difficulty we experience in
demonstrating the toxic properties when present in the fish, make
it practically impossible to entirely eliminate the danger arising
from an exclusive diet of fish. However, every possible care is
exercised in procuring, inspecting, and administering the fish.
Injuries —Fortunately the number of deaths during the past
vear were not numerous, and may all be classified as unavoidable.
Several fallow deer and one fine red deer buck were killed by
corral mates, as a result of fighting. These accidents are due to
the inevitable quarrels which occur between the males during the
breeding season.
Unusual Diseases—Among the rare conditions met with during
1906, the following cases may be mentioned: necrotic inflammation
of the bladder in a buffalo, resulting in rupture and death from
Uremia; malignant tumors of the lungs, with metastases in the
intestines and kidney, in a red fox; hypertrophy of the pyloris,
causing death by obstruction of the pyloric orifice in a young
black bear; a food toxemia in a European reindeer.
ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 131
REPORT ON II4 DEATHS AMONG THE MAMMALS DURING 1go6.
eho Solty Cie o S
Bueller ae elke ie aes :
z Oo P| -s A
Dees |e ie hs
MEMO Midas, esse sre cesnvaeeoenstees ele aa ieee hanes 1 19
(CAM EROASIMISIMTIS, <cengdanonooacunsooosdobeu| bo aoe 2 ATE 9 Sian asterioceenes 14
Pinbercitlosisieceseta se ncereste Geneon 9* Ile Sees aber theese Aes rhe 10
aus itC- Ci CEmeis it, saesie conse cteoost sodas 3 ear Wicatt l eheeset 6
Gas Enitisn eae wets ae acres ones acee |e Sd ee Ips eee 11
IDG Weroay OXeres eae ee de anes be mesanaccoaanenenl tener Mato hes) Perales ells cele (eeitae 2
Malnutrition and Atrophy.....<...|...... Dales | ee raed See ee |
BUG lse (She ahes oot eect soak searertales eee MS |eaeaeslace ce: (Sena aeee 1
CagesParalySisicss..cesecscecssesenere Del evveioal|ereatea le sexes | saceves|sennsine 2
AISI OLS OMIM G7 sens nc .teennactenaeke see setae ce (ool eee leseatodl MRcemn meena 2,
tre-vie Boch aUStiony-«.s..he actos aah. Dllestatee cae al aes abate 1
ANS Sra Cal LEXONS ONION ES seoocopansopeouoEbl bs cose Gi” |locod dellaeasass| nocesual a ssece 3
Win commie O1SO MMO wee eeernesen scale al eee eeasee Ve alas eee oil earned 1
BEMetIS POISONING Ee. steseheacreat-cereleccens leetacte esas eae ieee 1
Mahenant; dumonot Langs o0.-5..)eead| Le |Sosacclosesass|steeeeclesecces 1
INEUENOIP OE WAS JEAMORUSS conooaoocs5e0000/bo's.08 tie etree coer, aera | one 1
Cinghosisto rune me iwerse-vescressece eal eer apeetrcete loan colts ome sacters 1
ENie plait Serene scasssecedncoaceeacsnacesaes 1 Dialers te beeline seeilenetoes 4
Fatty Degeneration’ oftthe Hearty ey ic.\/osce|)) 2)! \sacencc|eacess-|ansoens 2,
Killed by Cage Mates..............04 Pee Aen Aaa aed sO oles tee 16
Accidental Deaths (Unavoidable),.|......| 1. |......|sccscce{eccecee|eeeeeee 1
No Lesions to account for death... 4 Y Drei llemeecenl sicseses see eces 11
AUG) Gal] LOS Apia nua ee ae AEN Weatay be e45y | ALT 5) | 33 1i4
*Tt is to be noted that only three of these cases occurred in the exhibi-
tion collection. The others represented specimens recently received, and
still in quarantine, and therefore might fairly have been omitted from this
list.
Respectfully submitted,
W.- Rem) BEAIR, DS VAS:
V eterinarian.
January 1, 1907.
A PECULIAR SKIN DISEASE IN AN EVER Nee
By W. REID BLAIR, D.V.S.
Ss = +
N VIEW of the fact that diseases of the elephant have received
but scant mention in any literature with which we are familiar,
it has seemed advisable to make special mention of an infectious
disease of the skin which recently affected our small East African
elephant, “Congo.”
ETIOLOGY,
The condition may be described as a seborrhoeic folliculitis, or
chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands and hair follicles,
produced by localized infection with a coccus known as staphylo-
coccus pyogenes. The fact that this organism is almost constantly
present on the surface and in the sebaceous glands of the body
accounts for the frequency with which it is found in surgical
infections.
The occurrence of an injury, which may be trifling in extent,
develops a point of lessened resistance in which the organism may
find a suitable field for its development. If introduced into the
circulation in sufficient numbers, this pathogenic organism gives
rise to septicemia, or pyemia. It is of interest to note that this
same coccus is frequently present in the human, where it pro-
duces the pustules of acne, and is concerned in the eruption of
smallpox.
SYMPTOMS.
In this particular case the disease was indicated by the appear-
ance of cutaneous pustules, which were painful on pressure, and
which involved the entire thickness of the skin. The swelling of
the skin gradually increased; cracks and fissures were formed,
and the patches surrounding the pustules became necrotic. In
some places this was only superficial, while in other parts it was
very deep. In the former case, tough, tenacious scales were
formed upon the skin, and in the latter the whole skin shriveled
up right down to the subcutis, and was thrown off by suppura-
tion. This severe condition, of large sections of skin suppurating,
was particularly marked along the back and hips. Here numer-
EAR OF AN AFRICAN ELEPHANT, EXTERNAL SURFACE.
The pit-like depressions represent the healed pustules.
i = r.
SECTION OF SKIN ON THE HIP OF AFRICAN ELEPHANT.
Two nodules with the wax-like pus adhering, and a number of healed pustules
are shown.
134 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
ous abscesses developed, which became confluent, forming large
sloughs. The pustules or nodules, which were at first small, firm,
and painful, later showed on their summit a dry, tenacious scab.
From these nodules could be squeezed little tallowy or pus-like
plugs, which left behind cup-shaped ulcers with jagged edges.
The disease was first confined to the back, neck, and loins, but
gradually involved the entire surface of the skin. The further
spread of the disease upon the animal resulted from rubbing or
scratching, whereby the pustules were emptied of their contents
and scattered over the body, the bacteria entering the hair fol-
licles or excretary ducts of the sebaceous glands and thus setting
up new foci of irritation. It may also have been spread by the
process of “oiling,” or by the earliest medication.
Excepting for the “hide-bound” condition of the skin there
were no marked constitutional symptoms at any time during the
course of the disease, which covered a period of several months,
so that from the point of view of general health the prognosis is
not grave, the chief functions being perfectly regular.
TREATMENT.
Owing to the thickness of the elephant’s skin, and to the depth
of the suppurating foci, antiseptic washes or ointments applied
locally are of little or no benefit. The treatment of the affection
is essentially surgical. The skin was thoroughly cleaned with
soap and warm water, in which creolin to the extent of I per
cent. solution was added. After washing and drying the skin,
an ointment of zinc oxide and sulphur was applied, and well
rubbed in. This was allowed to remain for twenty-four hours, when
it was found that the scale-like scab on the summit of each pustule
could be easily removed. The scab being removed, each nodule
was pressed, the contents of the pustule evacuated, and the cavity
washed out with creolin solution. When the nodules are emptied
of the pustular plugs, the surface gradually cicatrices, and recoy-
ery takes place completely within a few weeks. The skin, how-
ever, remains somewhat lighter in color at the seat of the pustule,
owing to the partial discoloration of the epidermis.
Sulphur was given internally for several weeks, and owing to
this drug’s alterative and stimulating effect on the skin, it was
of considerable benefit in relieving the “hide-bound” condition.
During the treatment of this condition, no starchy food should
be given; raw potatoes especially should be avoided. Warm bran
mashes and boiled carrots may be given frequently.
PAG Eee
A—Lower jaw of a Florida Deer, showing complete destruction of a portion of the left
branch, and beginning erosion of the right. _B—Normal lower jaw of a prong-horned ante-
lope. C—Lower jaw of a prong-horned antelope, showing actinomycotic lesion. D—and
E—Lower jaws of black mountain sheep, showing enlargement of the bone, and nu-
merous fistulous openings,
ACTINOMYCOSIS IN THE BLACK MOUNTAIN
SHEER.
By W. REID BLAIR, D.V.S.
UITE recently, while examining several specimens of horned
game which had been received from the Northwest by Mr.
Fred. Sauter, taxidermist, of 42 Bleecker Street, New York, Direc-
tor Hornaday’s attention was called by Mr. Fred. Sauter, Jr., to a
strange disease that was manifest in several fresh heads of moun-
tain sheep. In a lot containing the heads of six black mountain
sheep rams. (Ovis stonei), from the Stickine River country,
northern British Columbia, the lower jaws of three revealed the
presence of actinomycosis, or “lumpy-jaw,” in a severe and far
advanced stage. Two cases were particularly severe, and the
jaws affected were at once placed by Mr. Sauter at our disposal.
The specimens referred to above were shot by Mr. Charles A.
Cass, of Tyrone, Pa., “north of the Stickine River, and also
north of the Sheslay, not far from a lake called Tach-sa-min-e.”’
The presence of this dread disease in wild animals far removed
from contact with domestic ruminant animals of any kind from
which it might have been acquired is very starfling. The com-
plete isolation of the black mountain sheep of the Stickine coun-
try from all domestic cattle, sheep, prong-horn antelopes, deer, and
all other animals hitherto known to be infected by lumpy-jaw,
forces upon us the conclusion, that in this instance it has developed
independently of infection from domestic animals.
It is to be hoped that all the Owls stonei now afflicted by this
deadly disease will be killed by sportsmen before they have time
to communicate it to all the hoofed animals of their region, and
especially to the animals of their own species on the south side ot
the Stickine River. The result of this newly found menace to a
very important and interesting wild animal will be watched with
keen, and even painful, interest. It is entirely possible that we
will witness within a few years the extermination of a large and
vigorous species by natural causes.
Actinomycosis is a chronic infective disease which.occurs in
cattle, hogs, sheep, and horses, and occasionally is met with in
PEATE Le
Profile of the lower jaws of black mountain sheep, showing enlargement of the bone,
fistulous openings, and loss of the molar teeth.
ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 139
man. Among wild animals in captivity we have seen the disease
in mule deer, Florida deer, prong-horned antelope, and in a
grizzly bear. Experimentally, the disease has been produced in
calves, dogs, goats, and guinea-pigs. The disease now recog-
nized as actinomycosis has long been known to stockmen and
veterinarians as “lumpy jaw,’ “wooden tongue,” cancer of the
tongue, etc., but it was not until 1876 that its true pathology was
demonstrated by Bollinger. When he had identified and accu-
rately described the pathogenic organism, new observations of the
disease were rapidly made, not only in animals but in man.
Studies of the last few years appear to have established the fact
that there are a number of closely allied organisms belonging to
the group of actinomyces “ray fungus,” and that the clinical
phenomena ordinarily called actinomycosis may be due to any one
of several closely allied parasites. All of the actinomyces are
branching fungi, non-motile and spore-forming.
As a rule the disease appears sporadically. It may, however,
attain an enzootic distribution. It is quite widely distributed in
the temperate zones, but has not yet been recognized to any extent
in the tropics.
The disease as seen in wild animals is especially virulent, runs
a very acute course, and is invariably fatal. In this respect it
differs from the affection as seen in the domestic animals, where
it generally assumes the chronic form, and where the treatment
with iodide of potassium is followed by marked improvement.
The “ray fungus” may, under certain circumstances, exhibit a
general distribution. We have observed several cases of general-
ized actinomycosis—prong-horned antelope and bear—with me-
tastases in the cervical lymph nodes, stomach, diaphragm and liver.
Cause.—The cause of actinomycosis is the propagation in the
tissues of the actinomyces, or “ray fungus.” This fungus is
supposed to grow especially on cereals, particularly barley, the
beards of which favor its entrance into wounds of the skin and
mucous membranes of the mouth; but since the disease is of
frequent occurrence on our western ranges, where the cereals do
not exist, it would seem that it must be traced to other forms of
graminez, or to diverse vegetation and soil.
The period of dentition and the attendant laceration of the
gums affords good opportunity for the entrance of the fungus;
hence, youth is a strongly predisposing condition. The winter
season is the main period of invasion, the dry, fibrous fodder
tending to scratch or wound the mucous membranes of the gums,
cheeks, and tongue, and thus open a portal of entry for the para-
140 NEW YORK) (ZOOLOGICAL. SOGCIE EN:
site. The disease has been successfully transferred by innocula-
tion, as proved by experiments on calves, dogs, and rabbits by
Johne, Crookshank and others.
Diagnosis.—Actinomycosis is an unusually easy disease to rec-
ognize, particularly on account of the characteristic lesions, and
to the presence of quantities of yellowish or grayish granules rep-
resenting clusters of actinomyces “ray fungus” which are present
in the pus and liquid from the suppurating lesions. The organism
grows in the form of little rounded masses resembling grains of
iodoform, or as a result of calcareous deposit, grains of sand.
Upon superficial examination, especially when the disease is
generalized, and the liver and lungs are involved, actinomycosis
may be confounded with tuberculosis. In these cases microscopic
examination makes certain the diagnosis.
Demonstration of the Parasite——The organism appears in the
pus from sub-acute or chronic suppurative lesions as grayish or
yellowish granules, usually less than 1 mm. in diameter. These
granules are friable, and when gently crushed beneath a cover-
glass and examined under the microscope, they are seen to have
been broken up into hyaline rounded masses, at the margins of
which are fine radial striations or filaments of bulbous or club-
shaped cells, all closely set together.
It is owing to this characteristic arrangement of the filaments
that the name “ray fungus” is applied. The club-shaped bodies
are variable in size, and are composed of a hyaline substance. Not
all of the granules have these “clubs.” In the granules obtained
from the lesions of wild animals—antelope—they are much
less frequently observed than in those obtained from the lesions in
cattle.
Contrasted with the frequency of actinomycosis in the head,
that of other organs is comparatively rare.
Actinomycosis of the jaw bones frequently attacks young ani-
mals, and its usual seat is in the region of the molar teeth, (Plate
Il) although it occasionally affects the incisors. The earliest
change consists of a swelling of the bone, generally in the middle
region of the row of molars. This swelling, which is at first
firm and painful to the touch, gradually increases in size, invades
the deeper regions of the skin, and is followed by the formation
of abscesses which soon show points of fluctuation. These ab-
scesses opening on the surface, discharge a whitish, creamy,
odorless pus. The cavity of the abscess shows no tendency
toward healing, and the opening through which the pus has
escaped is transformed into a fistula. (Plate I.) Later on, the
ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 141
pus discharge acquires an offensiye odor, and the fistulous open-
ings are surrounded by exuberant granulations, forming a fun-
goid mass. The adjacent tissues become hardened, and the jaw
becomes greatly deformed. The tooth sockets undergo extensive
ulceration, with the result that the molars become loose, and in
many cases fall out. For reasons difficult to explain, actinomyco-
sis attacks the bones of the lower jaw much more frequently than
those of the upper jaw.
The actinomycotic lesions in the internal organs are generally
rounded masses of different sizes, enclosed in a fibrous capsule
of variable thickness, hard and resistant at the surface, and some-
what softened toward the center.
They are generally slightly elevated above the surface of the
invaded tissue, grayish white in appearance, and surrounded by
an area of redness.
Direct infection from actinomycotic animals to man has been
doubted and even denied, yet in view of the many cases of suc-
cessful innoculation it can not be considered as impossible. The
general consensus of opinion is, that there is no danger of persons
contracting this disease from eating the flesh of affected animals,
provided the visibly diseased portions are removed.
NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL. SOCIETY
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PIE
4
ALLIGATOR POOL, RI
Fi
THI
GROWTH OF THE ALLIGATOR.
By RAYMOND L. DITMARS,
CURATOR OF REPTILES.
OR an indefinite time, many authors of natural history
essays have insisted that tortoises and crocodilians require
an amazingly long time to attain full growth and maturity. These
assertions have, without doubt, been prompted by observations
made under conditions which positively retarded the natural
growth of the reptiles. Unfortunately, theory appears to have
elicited much elaboration in some writings. Particularly plausible
assertions have been so frequently exploited as to be generally
quoted nowadays in the best text books.
There is some solid foundation, however, for the pronounced
theoretical side of the question, for of all reptiles, tortoises and
crocodilians grow at a tardy rate as compared with representatives
of the other orders. While the average lizard or snake attains
maturity in one or two years, (exclusive of the hibernating season,
if there be any), a tortoise or crocodilian may require five years
or more, according to conditions, before reaching the stage that
might be designated as a young adult. From that point it con-
tinues to increase steadily in size until it reaches maximum adult
dimensions. The latter period, embracing a slower growth, may
cover from five to ten years—possibly more; and the reptile con-
tinues to survive to a surprising age as compared with lizards
and snakes.
The present article has been prepared with two objects in view.
The first is to correct the erroneous and theoretical impres-
sions concerning the growth of crocodilians, using as a subject of
our observations the American Alligator, (Alligator mississtp pien-
sis). Our second object is to furnish information that may possibly
be of value to experimenters in alligator culture. There have been
numerous rumors of alligator farming in the interests of the
leather trade, but it seems those attempts have always been dis-
couraged by the idea that the slow growth of the reptiles would
render success quite impossible. As an illustration of how efforts
to start alligator farms have been discouraged, we may quote
144 NEW YORK VZOOLOGICAL YSOCIEIY.
5 Or Lr a
fae gb,
ALLIGATORS IN THEIR SUMMER POOL.
from an authority of the United States Fisheries Bureau, who
says, in one of the government publications: “Alligators grow
very slowly. At fifteen years of age they are only two feet long.
A twelve-footer may be reasonably supposed to be seventy-five
years of age.”
Our observations in the Reptile House have enabled us to
look well into the development and habits of the Alligator. This
article is the result of seven years’ accumulation of notes, during
which time, among several series of examples, the writer has
been able to gauge the rate of growth of the Alligator from the
time of hatching up to the twelve-foot reptile—and a specimen
of the latter size is a giant, nowadays. In a period of six years,
the writer has succeeded in hatching alligator eggs, and rearing
the young to a length of over five feet. Inasmuch as alligators of
various sizes were received at the Reptile House seven years ago,
at the opening of the building, we are able to approximately carry
our records of the rate of growth from the young specimens
hatched in the Park, through other series that have attained much
larger growth during the time specified. As will be explained
later, wild crocodilians seem to grow much faster than those in
captivity, notwithstanding all possible facilities and food abun-
ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 145
FLORIDA CROCODILE.
dance in the latter state. It would therefore appear that the rate of
growth figured in a following list is actually below the normal,
rather than above it. The table in question, however, was com-
piled from actual specimens and the tape line, all theoretical de-
ductions being eliminated.
Our observations in the Reptile House were made under what
we consider the best possible conditions. Our alligator quarters
are commodious, giving the reptiles ample room for swimming,
while they are provided with banks floored with sand upon which
the animals may emerge from the water. During the cold months
of the year the water of the tanks is kept heated, by means of ©
a submerged pipe, to a temperature varying between go and 95
degrees Fahrenheit, while the temperature of the Reptile House
ranges from 75 to 85 degrees F. Owing to a generous supply of
tropical plants, the atmosphere of the building is very moist. We
find that if alligators are kept in water of a lower temperature
than that mentioned during the cold months they feed indifferently
and irregularly, even though the temperature of the air 1s satis-
factory. They prefer to pass the greater part of their time in the
water, consequently this medium, to promote normal development
must have a high temperature. The average captive “‘pet”’
146 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
alligator that appears to indefinitely remain the same size, or to
grow at a rate that would require a stupendous period to bring it
to maturity, is an individual whose growth has been arrested by the
effects of cold water, and an insufficient depth of that medium for
proper exercise.
In addition to the tepid water of the Reptile House tanks, the
high temperature of the building and moist atmosphere, the feed-
ing of our crocodilians is a matter regulated with thorough
system. It is highly essential that all crocodilians receive plenty
of bone nourishment. Beef and fish alone are insufficient to pro-
mote rapid growth, or cause the animals to attain a large size.
Our freshly hatched crocodilians are first given a diet of earth-
worms and minnows. Upon this they are kept for about two
months, when dead mice are occasionally given them. As soon
as they show an increase in size, the quantity of food is cor-
respondingly increased. Earthworms are then excluded from
the menu, while small rodents are given frequently, in alternation
with frogs, fish, and scraps of beef. Young rats and sparrows
are soon added to the list.
It will be realized that this food produces good bone develop-
ment. Our medium-sized alligators receive small hares, pigeans,
and large fish, all of which are entire. This food supply, we are
convinced, closely approaches the diet of the wild alligator. The
amount of food consumed by our specimens is not nearly so great
as might be imagined. Usually they are fed twice a week, and at
most three times a week. The average wild alligator should
fare fully as well as this. If there is a scarcity of larger food it
may always resort to a fish diet, for the waters of the most of the
southern bayous usually teem with finny creatures.
At this point it is well to bring forward the answer to a query
that may at once present itself to the reader: How does the
growth of captive alligators compare with that of alligators in a
- wild state? We have already explained that our captive exam-
ples have proven their ability to attain maturity in a comparatively
brief period, in comparison with the great number of years so
generally alleged to be necessary in completing the process. We
are moreover quite convinced, when considering our observations
of wild alligators and their haunts, that the rate of growth noted
in captivity by no means represents a forcing process, and that
wild crocodilians actually grow faster than the rate we shall pres-
ently describe in detail. To be more emphatic, the writer would
state his belief that alligators occurring even in the northern por-
tion of this species habitat, where there is a quite prolonged
ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. aly 7
hibernating period, show a more rapid growth than that given in
the table relating to our captive specimens. As evidence on this
point, we may cite certain experiments that have been conducted
in the Zoological Park.
Two lots of alligators, each containing about a dozen speci-
mens, have been placed under the different conditions. One lot
was kept outside, in a pond where the reptiles enjoyed compar-
ative freedom, the other lot remained indoors, in one of the capa-
cious tanks of the Reptile House. The outside specimens soon
became wild, and very difficult to approach. As a result, they
received food with less regularity and in smaller quantity than
the indoor specimens; but at the end of the warm season, they
were invariably found to be considerably larger than the latter.
There is a powerful and mysterious tonic in the outdoor air, the
summer rains, and the muddy waters of a natural pool. The
writer has noted the same result with snakes and lizards. He has
set free young specimens of the latter kind in localities where they
could be readily found again, and has kept members of the same
broods indoors, endeavoring to “force” them by feeding them as
frequently as they could properly assimilate their food. Yet we
found the results to be the same as with crocodilians. The wild
reptiles, when recaptured, were probably a third larger than those
so carefully reared in confinement.
The coastal, swampy regions of the southeastern portion of the
United States—the home of the alligator—are particularly condu-
cive to the rapid growth of their reptile denizens. The favorite
abode of the alligator is in the “low-grounds” rather than in large
bodies of water. These ordinarily embrace combinations of jun-
gle-like thickets, small savannas, and stagnant “water-holes.”’
After heavy rains much of these areas are covered with water.
The writer’s studies of the alligator at home were conducted
in the immediate vicinity of the Savannah River, about forty miles
above the city of Savannah. His work was confined to the river
low-grounds, a vast tract teeming with reptiles. Alligators were
found in isolated pools and small lakes, the larger examples gen-
erally in the larger bodies of water. Over a great part of this
country it was difficult to distinguish firm ground from the swamp,
as masses of water hyacinths and rushes flourished in luxurious
profusion.
Over terra-firma itself the going was exceedingly difficult, com-
pelling us to tear our way through thorny bushes, or masses of
cane, eight to ten feet high. In August the heat was intense, the
temperature frequently reaching 105 degrees F. in the shade, and
148 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
ROUGH-EYED CAIMAN.
it was rendered all the more unendurable to human beings by
its excessive humidity. In the “’gator holes” the water was
tepid, and teeming with fish, among the latter being catfish of
huge proportions. At times we passed shallow pools recently
evaporated, and giving off an overpowering stench from masses
of decomposing fish.
No alligators were seen in the Savannah River itself. They
lived mostly in the surrounding swampy country, where they were
fairly secure from molestation. As night fell upon these swamps,
bringing a much lower temperature, the heated ground and tepid
water of the pools gave off a steamy vapor which spread and
stratified over the tree-tops, or floated in long, ghostly streamers
into the shallow and undulating valleys of the hammock land.
Owing to this apparently ever-present, nocturnal miasma, there
was never anything but a pale and sickly moonlight over the low-
grounds, although as we often made our way into the higher pine
lands a few miles away, the unwholesome atmospheric conditions
gave way to nights wonderfully clear. In those moisture-laden
and heated swamps, the rapid development of large reptiles may
be surmised.
BEE VEN ESLANNUAL, “REPORT: 149
HEAD OF FLORIDA CROCODILE.
Many alligators never attain a length of much over seven or
eight feet. These are stunted individuals that have had the mis-
fortune to take up their abode in localities wherein food had
become scarce, or presented little variety. Sometimes we find
localities where there exist whole colonies made up of stunted
members. It is possible to retard the growth of captive speci-
mens by feeding them raw beef only, or a diet composed entirely
of small fish, and excluding whole, warm-blooded prey, with its
attendant bone nourishment. If the process is continued for
several years’ time with a specimen about half grown, and then
a miscellaneous and wholesome diet is substituted, the reptile will
grow but little afterward and perhaps not at all, although it may
become sexually mature and vigorous, and breed regularly.
Like all crocodilians, the alligator constructs a regular nest by
heaping up a great mound of twigs, dead grass and rushes, to-
gether with fallen masses of the familiar hanging moss. The
eggs, to a considerable number, are deposited well to the bottom
of this mound, where the heat generated by the decomposing
vegetation produces their development. The period of incubation
appears to be lengthy, taking at least eight weeks. There is ap-
parent variation in the egg-laying period. In Hampton County,
South Carolina, the writer collected alligator eggs during the
middle of August. The eggs collected at that time hatched
during the following October. Through the courtesy of Dr.
Albert M. Reese, of Syracuse University, however, the writer has
150 NEW: YORK “ZOOLOGICAL #SOGIBAY-
AMAZON CAIMAN.
been furnished with advance sheets of a paper* by him which
shows that in Florida the alligator deposits its eggs much earlier
in the year. Dr. Reese made detailed investigations of the nesting
habits with a view to obtaining embryological material. The
following is an extract from this article:
“One of the first things to be determined, of course, in the col-
lection of embryological material is the time at which the eggs
are laid. Judging from the statements of native hunters the laying
season of the alligator might be thought to be at any time from
January to September. As a matter of fact, the month of June
is the time when most, if not all, of the eggs are laid. S. F.
Clarke gives June oth and June 17th as the limits of the laying
season in Florida, but I found at least one nest in which eggs
were laid as late as June 26th; no eggs were found before the
first date given by Clarke. It seemed quite certain that the laying,
during the season in question, had been delayed by an extreme
drought that had dried up the smaller swamps and reduced the
alligator holes to mere puddles.
*This paper is to be published officially at Washington.
ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 151
mT:
Hoh thats
CAROLINA ALLIGATOR.
“Nests were found in considerable numbers as early as June
8th, but no eggs were laid in any of them until the end of the
dry period, which occurred nearly two weeks later. Almost im-
mediately after the occurrence of the rains that filled up the
swamps, eggs were deposited in all of the nests at about the same
time. From the fact that all of these completed nests had stood
for so long a time without eggs, and from the fact that all of the
eggs from these nests contained embryos in a well advanced state
of development, it seemed evident that the egg-laying had been
delayed by the unusually dry weather. Eggs taken direct from
the oviducts of the alligator that was killed at this time also con-
tained embryos that had already passed through the earlier
stages of development. Thus it was that the earlier stages of
development were not obtained during this summer.”
On August 12, 1900, the writer discovered an alligator’s nest
close to a causeway (an ancient rice ditch) in Hampton County,
South Carolina. It consisted of a mound of decomposing veg-
etable matter about five feet in diameter and three feet high, half
hidden among some bushes at the border of a pool. At one side of
the nest, inward toward its center fully two feet, protruded two
nSZ NEW ~YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOGIEMYe
thick basal stems of a large bush, these fully an inch and a half in
diameter, but about them the material composing the mound was
as carefully matted down as on the clear portions.
The eggs were discovered about two and one-half feet down in
the center of the mound, in a single, irregular mass. They looked
strangely white and immaculate as compared with our hands
and clothing after breaking our way through the swamp. There
were thirty-seven eggs, averaging two and one-half inches long,
and an inch in diameter. Their shells were hard and brittle, con-
siderably thicker than the shell of a hen’s egg, and when struck
together produced a metallic sound. The entire nest and its
contents were packed on our horses, brought to the nearest railway
station, and shipped to the Zoological Park. During all our
work there was no hint as to the whereabouts of the parent alli-
gator, though from the appearance of the much matted grass at
the edge of the pool it would seem she frequently visited the
vicinity of the nest. The pool itself was barely eight feet in
diameter, and was well sounded, but the result convinced us that
the female alligator was not hiding at the bottom. Near by was
a series of bayous connecting with the Savannah River low-
grounds. It was from the eggs in this nest that we hatched the
specimens which prompted the writer to prepare the present
article.
The eggs began hatching on the 14th of October. But five
alligators emerged, the remainder of the eggs having evidently
been spoiled in the severe shaking received in transit. From
the time of their arrival in New York to the period of hatching.
—the five hatching within a week’s time,—the eggs were buried
in the medium composing the original nest, which was kept well
moistened. The process of incubation was carried on in one
of the Reptile House cages, at a temperature averaging 80 degrees
Fahrenheit.
Upon hatching, the little alligators were very stout of body, with
a chunky head, and short snout, the head being decidedly convex
at the top. They averaged eight inches in length, and showed
a weight of one and three-quarters of an ounce each. As they
were very well nourished by the egg yolk at the time of hatching,
they refused food for some days. They were decidedly active,
swimming or crawling about a shallow tank of warm water.
When disturbed they “barked” vigorously, and made efforts to
snap at the observer’s fingers.
At the present time, these alligators are over five feet long.
The following table shows their increase in weight:
ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 53
October, 1900—Hatched...... Weight 134 ounces.
October, TOO. oi Ge erasre 3. Rs 14 ounces.
(AMIS UGE SLOO2 ching ctepetet ouctaiaee = cL Sues pounds:
Ma rClis TOO Faye ate shaste chacictew s peas i
Octobers-1OOOs Se ak Sis b 5% eed 7 250 .:
By combining his notes on three series of alligators, the writer
is enabled to prepare the following table, showing the rate of
growth of the Alligator as he has observed it:
GROWTH OF THE AMERICAN ALLIGATOR.
ING (iene Or INeyeeNS Seo conc 8 inches. Weight, 134 ounces.
PMtEONE YEA sn icnitis: Stes esi ee 1 foot 6 inches.
NAL Wi Oley CAlSarer. otters ieee oie 2 feet 2 inches.
PNtathinees wyGanse eis. tvccante ce siete: 3 feet 1 inch.
Ate fOUn Veans, 3. cence see ess 4 feet — inches.
AN efIViSe WCAUSL toiexsers cists ceteiels iets 4 feet Io inches.
INtESINE ViCALS Meh cocuine oe ae 5 feet 4 inches. Weight, 50 pounds.
INTE SSEV EMI CATS eater reciyetinere 6 feet 2 inches. (Maturity.)
IAtHeIgShteyCarsS: ty. cjecu)siseieieleo 6 feet 11 inches.
ING MMINE WATS) cenciemte alse iis cele 8 feet 2 inches.
INE IS eer nS aa ea oor SE ee 9 feet 3 inches.
INimeleveninyicanstessie cic iciaoe 10 feet II inches.
JANE TRANS WEARS ceicicodcecca06t 11 feet 3 inches.
At=thinteens years assem es see ce II feet 5 inches.
ANE TOWER WEES soccso0esace It teet ‘Siinches:
ANE smniKXSA WEIS. 4goocdaso0DDbe 12 feet. Estimated weight, 650
pounds.
It appears that after an alligator attains the patriarchal size of
eleven feet, its growth is much slower. However, with an exam-
ple living under favorable conditions, there is a steady increase,
the limit of growth appearing to be about fourteen feet. “Old
Mose,” a fine specimen, was twelve feet long when received at
the Reptile House in 1899. In July, 1903, he had increased in
length to twelve feet five inches. When measured in 1906, he
showed a length of twelve feet seven inches.
Two six-foot alligators have been in the Reptile House
for over seven years. They have made absolutely no increase in
size. Four years ago, one of them deposited a number of eggs.
A curious example has been under the writer’s observation for
over fifteen years. This specimen was, years ago, kept in a small
tank in the writer’s study. The accommodations were not suit-
154 NEW. 7 YORK “ZOOLOGICAL “SOCIEMy:
able for its development, and though it fed well, for a period
of five years it did not seem to increase in size as much as one
inch. Previous to that period it had been kept for three years
by a friend of the writer, who explained that it was about
sixteen inches long at the time he received it, and that was about
its size when it was deposited in the Reptile House, seven years
ago.
For about a year it showed no increase in size, despite its
favorable quarters,—a large tank of tepid water. At the expira-
tion of its first year in the Park it was attacked by a young
crocodile and badly lacerated. Its abdomen was torn open nearly
the entire length, through which aperature the intestines pro-
truded; another big tear on the side disclosed the heart and
lungs. As this specimen had been in the writer’s possession for
so long a time he endeavored, with but little hope of success, to
save its life. The intestines were carefully replaced, and the
abdominal laceration sewed up. When the tear on the side had
been similarly treated, the creature was placed in a shallow tank
of tepid water from which it could not-escape. The treatment was
as nearly antiseptic as conditions would permit.
The lacerations rapidly healed, with attendant vigorous
sloughing. Within ten days the reptile was feeding in normal
fashion. More remarkable than the reptile’s reconstructive en-
ergy in healing its great wounds, was the effect upon its subse-
quent development. At once it began to grow, and at this date
it is nearly six feet long, and weighs over fifty pounds.
‘SIMO HOUAXYOS DNNOA
OWES OF tik NEARCTIC REGION.
By C. WILLIAM BEEBE,
CURATOR OF BIRDS.
PART I.—General Account.
Introduction. Adaptations of Plumage and Body.
Owls and Mankind. Adaptations of Sense Organs.
Parallels and Relationships. Adaptations of Feet.
PART I1.—Special Account.
PART I.—GENERAL ACCOUNT.
INTRODUCTION.
“Est illis Strigibus nomen; sed nominis hujus
Causa quod horrenda stridere nocte solent.”
Ovid, Fasti, vi, 139.
F WE may judge of the rapidity with which mankind is taking
possession of the earth, or, to speak from the point of view of
the wild creatures, is usurping every habitable portion, it seems
safe to say that evolution on any extensive scale is at an end
among the larger forms of wild life. To read aright the story
of the evolution of past ages, we must decipher the palimpsest
which the creatures themselves offer,—their fossil remains, devel-
opment, structure, appearance, distribution and habits. When all
these are considered both separately and together, we gain the
imperfect glimpse into the past, which is all that we can hope.
Hence the value of even a fragmentary résumé of the known
ecology of an individual or group of organisms.
As is the case with so many groups of birds, we know almost
nothing of the ancestry of owls from paleontological evidence.
In deposits of the Eocene Age in the Lower Tertiary in Wyoming,
a species of Bubo has been described by Marsh.* Earlier evi-
dence of the existence of owls upon the earth, is as yet lacking.
*Bubo leptosteus Marsh, Am. Jour. Sci., II, 1871, 126.
158 NEW) YORK< ZOOLOGICAL SOCIEIe
The Order Strigiformes, or Owls, as we know these birds
to-day, forms a group very homogeneous, both in structure and
appearance, and there are few people who can not name an owl
on sight. They number over two hundred species, or if we include
geographical races and sub-species, the total is not far from three
hundred and twenty-five different forms. They vary in length
from five inches to over two feet, and in character from the tiny,
insect-eaters to the fierce eagle and horned owls. Their diet em-
braces almost all forms of terrestrial life, from insects, worms, and
snails to fish, frogs, lizards, birds, bats, moles, mice, and even
rabbits, large game birds and hawks.
In one of the most recent classifications, owls are divided into
two very unequal Families:
I. Strigidae, with a single genus, containing the Barn Owl, and
its twenty or twenty-five geographical species and races.
Il. Bubonidae, with thirty genera, including all the remaining
species of owls.
Owls range over the whole globe, extending far into the polar
regions and even to the most isolated oceanic islands.
OWLS AND MANKIND.
The word owl has its counterpart in many languages ; in Anglo-
Saxon, Ule; in Swedish, Uggla; in German, Eule; and all of
these hark back to the Latin Ulula, which was obviously an at-
tempt to imitate the note of some one of these birds.
The mystery of their life by night, their weird unearthly hoots
and screams and their sometimes almost human expression must
have made owls objects of terror to our primeval forefathers in
the far distant past. Ever on the lookout for evil omens, these
birds must have satisfied the most lively imaginations in this
respect. In many parts of the world, gruesome superstitions con-
nected with the ow] are still prevalent, as is hinted in some of the
local German names, “corpse-hen,” “death-owl’” and “sorrowing
mother.’” On the pampas of Argentina in South America, the
former wildness of the burrowing owl was due to the superstitious
fears of the native tribes, who called it “Sister of the Evil Spirit.”
They killed it on every opportunity, and would never camp, or
stop, or rest where an evil owl had been seen. With the advent
of Europeans, this persecution ceased, and the birds soon became
tame and fearless. With the owl has always been connected the
idea of femininity. Among widely separated savage tribes it is
the woman’s bird, the death of which is certain to be followed by
ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 159
the death of a woman. The bat stands in the same relation to
man.
When owls came to be better known they gained in character,
and from their solemn demeanor and judicial frowning mien were
deemed of great wisdom. Thus, among the Greeks, we find the
owl sacred to Minerva, the Goddess of wisdom and the liberal
arts.
To-day in Rome and Athens we often meet vendors of tiny
owls, each fastened by one leg to a perch. The modern mind,
filled only with hard, practical ideas, has no desire for these owls
as poetic emblems of a past deity, and wastes not a moment’s
thought on the cruelty of it all. The little feathered beings are
sold to be used as lures for still smaller birds. The ow! is taken
to the woods, fastened to a stake and lime sticks are then set
about it, to entangle all the birds, from the size of a wren to a
sparrow, which soon gather about their little enemy. Myriads of
these song birds are devoured by the Latin peoples, who seem
to prefer the half-mouthful of a song bird’s breast, to the trouble
of hatching and rearing poultry.
Only in the last few years when our grain crops reach from
ocean to ocean, and the devastations of hordes of mice have
touched one of the deepest chords of man’s nature—his purse—
is the owl getting due credit for his value and economic impor-
tance. If every owl on our continent was suddenly swept out of
existence, it 1s doubtful if, after a few years, a single crop of
grain could be raised successfully. It would take the mice and
other rodents and many injurious insects but little time to confine
all their ravages to the hours of darkness. Hawks would in such
an event, become almost useless to man, and though weasels
and minks might increase prodigiously, yet without the deadly
swoop of the owl, the mice would soon overrun the land. Thus
the relation of owls to mankind may be resolved into four differ-
ent phases, and man’s estimate of the bird has varied from fear
to admiration ; from disregard to appreciation,
Certain owls possess an attribute which will stand out in increas-
ing importance, especially during the coming years, when their
wild haunts will be curtailed more and more by the inroads of
man’s unnatural environment: the ability readily to adapt them-
selves to life in his very orchards and streets, as shown by the
screech owl.
As a whole, owls do well in captivity, only a few species being
intractable. Although they never really lose their innate wildness,
yet by rearing a nestling by hand, it can be so far tamed that it
160 NEW YORK “ZOOLOGICAL. SOCIEIM
will recognize its owner, and allow him to take almost any
familiarity with it. If occasionally given its freedom it will return
to its human home. In Zoological Gardens, owls live and thrive
for long periods of time, and sometimes nest and rear their young.
It is not sufficient, however, to feed captive owls on a diet of
raw meat and liver. To remain in perfect health, they occa-
sionally require dead mice, sparrows, or pigeons, the fur, feathers,
and bones serving to keep their digestive organs in good con-
dition. If the regurgitative function is not exercised, the birds
will not long survive.
As regards snowy owls, special arrangements are necessary.
They will not moult well or live long if compelled to endure
the heat of our southern summers, but if confined in a large
flying-cage in a cool, dark cellar, every feather will be moulted,
and bones serving to keep their digestive organs in good con-
in as perfect condition as if they had spent the preceding months
on their native tundras of the Arctic Zone.
PARALLELS AND RELATIONSHIPS.
As we pass in review the larger mammals and birds we per-
ceive two important groups of predatory creatures which, by
stress of the struggle for food, have become adapted to a nocturnal
life. Among mammals the Felidae or cats, and among birds the
owls, both live by the chase and both are fitted for a more or less
nocturnal existence. This similarity of life has brought about
certain resemblances between the two unrelated groups. Cats
have a stealthy, noiseless gait—owls fly silently; the eyes of cats
are large and usually yellow—the same is true of owls; talons
are developed to a high degree in both groups, and both cats and
owls voice their emotions in deep, sonorous tones or in high-
pitched weird screams.
Another curious but wholly superficial likeness, is the resem-
blance of the feather horns or ‘ears’ of many species of owls, to
the alert ears of the cats and other Carnivores. These elongated
feathers have, however, no connection with the real ears of the
birds.
If we compare owls with the diurnal birds of prey—hawks
and eagles—we find many and much closer resemblances. But
these two groups are by no means as closely related, structurally,
as ornithologists have heretofore thought. Many of the resem-
blances are merely parallelisms due to the identity of methods of
hunting their prey, and are only beak and talon deep.
ELEVENTH ANNUAL, REPORT. 161
Though some of the smaller species of owls feed largely upon
insects, there is another nocturnal group of birds which is wholly
insectivorous. These are the nighthawks and whip-poor-wills
(Caprimulgidae), and in the noiseless flight, large eyes, and dark,
mottled plumage we find corresponding resemblances between the
two groups. Examination of the internal structure shows that
a real affinity exists, the connection being especially clear through
the closely-related, fruit-eating, oil-bird (Steatornis), which is the
sole representative of its Family Steatornithidae.
There still remains much to be learned from the structure of
owls, but it is probable that if their line of descent could be re-
traced, we would find it coalescing sooner with that of the oil-
bird and the nighthawks, than with any other living groups of
birds.
ADAPTATIONS OF PLUMAGE AND BODY.
Owls are eminently fitted for their i:fe—a nocturnal predatory
one, and in all parts of their body we find delicate adaptations to
this end. . Unlike the nocturnal apteryx the sense of smell is
but slightly developed. In owls, the senses of sight and hearing
are the only means used to reveal the whereabouts of the prey.
Taking the plumage as a whole, we find that each feather is
more or less soft and fluffy especially at the tips of the barbs,
resulting in a downy condition of the entire outline. The ab-
sence of barbicels accounts for this, and on many of the body
feathers we find that even barbules themselves are less numerous
than on the corresponding feathers of other birds. Even the pri-
maries or flight-feathers and the tail-feathers, the stiffest and
strongest on the body, are surprisingly soft to the touch, and at
first thought this softness would seem to be a great disadvantage
to the bird in flight. Closer examination of the wing feathers
of a barred or screech owl shows that, intrinsically, the vanes are
as impervious to the air as those of a pigeon or hawk. There is
no radical loss of barbules or barbicels, and hence the feathers
are perfectly adapted for flight. An interesting condition exists
however. The barbules along the distal side of each barb are
greatly elongated, being often six or eight times as long as the
barbules along the opposite side. Near the base of the barbules,
the barbicels are as well-developed and numerous as in any bird of
strong flight, but the elongated distal portions are soft and fluffy,
and all are bent slightly upward so that they lie on the upper face
of the vane. Hence the surface of the feather is covered with a
162 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
dense pile or nap of hair-like barbule-tips, and this furry coat,
like the muffled oars of a boat, deadens all sound and renders the
flight of an owl almost noiseless, at least to our ears.
About the eyes of an owl, two more or less circular feather disks
radiate outward, each composed of stiff loose feathers, whose de-
generate barbs and Larbules are often in the form of broad spatu-
late scales. These disks prevent the soft head plumage from
blowing into the eyes of the bird and also perhaps aid in directing
the scant light-rays of twilight, inward to the seat of vision.
This latter suggestion receives confirmation from the fact, that
in those species of diurnal habits, the disks are imperfectly
developed.
Owls have large strong beaks and the upper mandible is always
prominently hooked, serving, as in the hawks, to tear the prey into
pieces when it is too large to be swallowed whole. Connected
with this habit of swallowing the prey entire whenever possible,
owls, in common with many other birds, have the ability of being
able to disgorge inedible portions of the food. After a midnight
repast of mice, several oval pellets of fur and bones will be
regurgitated, the latter cleansed of every bit of flesh, and the
skulls of the rodents in as good condition as if prepared by some
skilful osteologist.
ADAPTATIONS OF SENSE ORGANS.
From the outer contour of the feathers no hint is given of the
real size of the head and neck of an owl, and when we feel be-
neath the neck plumage, it is always a surprise to find how slender
this string of vertebrze and its scanty covering of flesh really is.
The skull is large in comparison with the body, but the greater
part of the cranium is taken up by the eye-sockets. The remark-
able development of the sense of sight may be appreciated from the
fact that the cubic contents of each eye is slightly greater than
the capacity of the entire brain cavity, at least in the common
screech owl. This does not mean that the brain of an owl is
unusually small, but only emphasizes the great size of the eyes.
The pupil is round and the iris is capable of remarkable volun-
tary contraction and accommodative expansion—the enlarged
pupil thus formed, admitting all the light rays which are available
in the dim twilight which characterizes even “darkest midnight.”
There are few more beautiful sights than that seen through the
ophthalmoscope, looking into the eye of a great horned owl, and
it is well worthy of brief description. When the pencil of light
ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 163
strikes the retina, the iris contracts, only to enlarge a moment
later, and the whole optical fundus, with the delicately pigmented
choroidal coat, veined with its myriad of blood vessels, becomes
plainly visible. Below the level of the pupil and to the nasal side
may be seen the curious fan-like pecten, throbbing rhythmically,
its black tissue crumpled into a half dozen folds. We know
nothing positively concerning its function, but judging from its
elastic nature, and the frequent enlargement and contraction as the
flow of blood fills it or flows back, considerable weight is lent to
the theory that it functions in accommodation—in pressing for-
ward toward the lens and perhaps aiding in changing the angle of
refraction of the vitreous humor, thus altering the shape and
consequently the focus of the eye.
In the snowy owl at least, there seems to be a certain amount of
regular pulsation—about twenty-four to the minute. A few
seconds after the ophthalmoscopic beam of light is first flashed
into the eye, a sudden tremor or twitching may be observed
throughout the entire structure of the pecten—as of a spasmodic
effort to readjust the eye to the suddenly altered condition of
illumination. If this be its most important function there is no
reason why the pecten may not also aid in supplying the retina
and vitreous humor with nutriment. Judging by analogy with
other organs of the body, such a specialized structure as this may
well subserve one or more secondary as well as a primary function.
It is interesting to notice what a pronounced difference exists in
the pigmentation of the choroid of a light and a dark plumaged
owl. In the snowy owl the choroidal vessels are so conspicuous
that the scanty pigmentation of the background is subordinated.
In the great horned owl the pigmentation is much more abundant
and darker, while the dusky horned owl shows the ramifying lines
of scarlet choroidal vessels sharply silhouetted against the dark
background of pigment.
The view which we get of the pecten in an ophthalmoscopic
examination of the eye of a living owl, is directly anterior and
shows no trace of the basal attachment except at the ends. At the
upper end is plainly visible the edge of the disk of the optic nerve
—a white plate-like structure clearly differentiated from the sur-
rounding pigment and choroidal vessels. Upon the white sur-
face of the nerve-disk, a myriad of tiny dots represents the /amina
cribrosa; otherwise it is immaculate. Radiating out from the
optic disk, like slender teased threads, and especially conspicuous
in the snowy owl, are many opaque nerve fibres. These nerve
fibres are visible for only a short distance, becoming transparent
164 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
owing to the loss of the neurilemma, or fatty outer sheath. The
fovea must be very indistinct, for in a three hours’ examination
of six or eight owls no trace of it could be made out.
Contrary to the rule in the majority of birds, the upper, not the
lower, eyelid functions chiefly in the closing of the eye, resem-
bling mankind in this respect. The presence of prominent hair-
like eye-lashes is another feature which aids in giving to some
owls such a ludicrously human expression. The third eye-lid or
nictitating membrane, is well developed, and is frequently drawn
across the eye in the day-time, serving to shut out the blinding
glare of the sunshine.
Yellow predominates as the color of the iris, all of the North
American species of owls having this color, except the barn and
barred owls, in which the eye is brownish-black, rendering the
dark pupil-hole indistinguishable except at close range.
Owls in searching for their food in the dusk, fly silently over
the fields, watching and listening for the slightest movement oi
the mice beneath them, and this concentration in one direction is
most interestingly correlated with the position of the eyes. These
ave directed forward to a greater degree than in any other group
of birds although the facial disks make the convergence appear
even greater than it actually is. For example, in barn owls the
eyes seem to have almost parallel or convergent vision, as in the
higher apes and in man, whereas the eyes of this species have but
slightly less divergence than in the great horned owls. In the
latter the yellow irides render the detection of divergence from
parallel vision more easy to the casual observer.
Rough measurements with a goniometer show a divergence of
the optical axes in owls (in six living species which I have exam-
ined) of from 23 to 36 degrees. This places owls between the
wolves and dogs, (Canidae) and the horses, (Equidae) of the
mammalia, and gives them about the same divergence as the bears,
(Ursidae). Unlike all of these animals, however, the eyeball in
owls admits of little or no motion, rotation or otherwise, and
hence we have an explanation of the constant movement of the
head in these birds, when looking intently about them.
The circle of bony plates in the sclerotic coat of the eye is so
remarkably developed—each plate being so large and the whole
fitting so closely together, that the owl is forced to turn its whole
head in the exact direction in which it wishes to look. This 1m-
mobility of the eyeball is in part compensated for by the unusual
amount of play between the fourteen bones of the neck, far ex-
ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 165
ceeding the mobility of this region in mammals—the great ma-
jority of which possess but seven separate cervical vertebre.
Necessity for wider vision in the diurnal birds of prey is shown
by the 69 degrees divergence of the optical axes in the kestrel, and
from 55 degrees to 65 degrees in the turkey vulture, the rolling of
the eyes in this species extending through a horizontal arc of about
10 degrees.
It has often been asserted that owls are near-sighted, but this
is untrue. Careful tests made with the ophthalmoscope show the
eyes of recently caught birds to be perfectly normal, there being
not a trace of either myopic or hyperotropic tendency. Although
as we have seen, owls have become especially adapted for a noc-
turnal life, a number have changed their habits secondarily, and
are as diurnal as any hawk. This change is of such comparatively
recent date, however, that no radical structural changes are
apparent. The facial disks are incomplete or almost lacking in
some of these diurnal forms.*
The ear opening is of large size in most owls and a fleshy
flap-like outer ear serves to direct the sound more accurately. An
interesting condition of asymmetry is not unfrequently present,
the opening of the outer ear being larger on one side of the head
than on the other, and this unlikeness may extend even to the
bones of the skull itself.
ADAPTATIONS OF THE FEET.
The structure of the feet and more particularly the toes of owls
is very peculiar. When perching, the arrangement of the toes is
zygodactyl, that is, two in front and two behind, but when an
owl pounces upon its prey, the four toes point to the four quarters
of a circle. Again when the bird alights upon the ground, the ar-
rangement is still different, being more like that of a typically
avian foot—three toes in front and one behind. This facile ad-
justment to different conditions makes the foot of great efficiency
in all its functions. The osprey or fish hawk shares the digital
elasticity of the owls. Not only in present mobility but in past
evolution, the owl’s foot has proved extremely plastic, and we
find considerable differences between the feet of various species.
*Measurements of the optic axes in the skulls and mounted specimens
of the diurnal hawk owls, (Surnia), together with the apparently more-
lateral position of the facial disks, indicate a wider divergence, perhaps
of as much as 43°, but this evidence cannot be confirmed until living speci-
mens have been examined.
166 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL "SOCIE I:
As illustrating adaptative radiation among these birds we may
consider three types of feet. The foot of the barred owl is typical
of the owls in general. It is feathered down the entire length of
the tarsus or lower leg and even to the distal joint of the toes.
The talons are long, sharp and curved and the soles of the feet
are covered with rough dermal spicules which must be of great
assistance in keeping a firm hold upon living prey.
The foot of the snowy owl shows a beautiful adjustment to life
in the treeless regions of the far north, closely paralleling the
foot of the ptarmigan. The entire foot to the very base of the
claws is completely hidden in a dense growth of loose-vaned
feathers, and even the soles of the feet are thus covered, the
feathers here being stiffer and more bristle-like. When, for
months at a time, the rocks and tundras are covered deeply with
snow, the owl is thus protected from the cold, frozen surfaces on
which it must perch and roost. The dead, non-conducting pad of
feathers on each sole, leaves exposed nothing but the horny tips
of the claws.
On our western prairies the little burrowing owls have broken
away from all traditional owl customs, and have taken to a
diurnal life and a subterranean home. Under these conditions,
feet like those of other owls would be almost useless, and so we
find a radical change in these members. The tarsus is much
elongated as may be realized by a comparison between a great
horned and a burrowing owl. While the former may have as
much as thirty-five inches greater extent of wing, yet there is
but one-half inch difference in the length of the tarsal joint of
the les:
PART IIT—SPECIAL ACCOUNT.
The group of owls is, as a whole, so homogenous and the radia-
tions within the Order so uniformly distributed that the general-
izations of Part I, while true of the owls of the world, may, with-
out exception, be applied to the owls of the Nearctic Region. This
Region comprises the North American continent south to, and
including, the high, central tablelands of Mexico. Its boun-
daries are determined by the limits of distribution of many im-
portant groups of plants, insects, birds, mammals and other forms
of life. The remainder of the Western Hemisphere comprises
what is termed the Neotropical Region.
In this Nearctic Region we find twelve well-marked groups or
ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. GT
genera of owls. Divided among these are twenty species and
twenty-two sub-species, or geographical races, making in all forty-
two different forms. These genera are as follows, with the number
of forms in parentheses:
A. SUB-COSMOPOLITAN.
Strix—Barn Owls (1). Otus—Screech Owls (13).
Asio—Long- and Short-eared Bubo—Great Horned Owls (6).
Owls (2). Glaucidium—Pygmy Owls (4).
Syrnium—Barred Owls (5).
B. CIRCUMPOLAR.
Scotiaptex—Great Gray Owls (2). Nyctea—Snowy Owls (1).
Cryptoglaux—Saw-Whet Owls (3). Surnia—Hawk Owls (2).
Cy (CONEINEDETLOrRAE NEW WiORED:
Speotyto—Burrowing Owls (2). Micropallas—Elf Owls (1).
In tracing the distribution of these dozen groups we find that
they fall naturally into the three classes A, B, and C.
Owls have become so well adapted to their peculiar mode of life,
and are so well protected from strenuous competition with other
forms, that they have changed but little throughout, perhaps mil-
lions of years. In the geological periods of the Oligocene and Mio-
cene, a temperate climate existed as far north as Alaska and Green-
land, and this, with the land bridge which joined North America
to Asia, explains the large proportion of cosmopolitan genera of
owls, Class A. If we may judge by the distribution of insects
and mammals, the trend of diffusion across this northern con-
tinental isthmus was chiefly from Asia into North America and
rarely in the reverse direction. In a strict geographic sense the
continental mass of North America is still connected with Asia,
as the continental shelf unites the two, and a rise of the sea
bottom of only two hundred feet would result in a dry land bridge
between the Old and the New World. We can but theorize as to
the early distribution of these owls, it being impossible without
paleontological evidence, to indicate the center of origin of genera
which are cosmopolitan.
The Circumpolar species, Class B, also doubtless inhabited
North America during these early periods. Later, in the Pleis-
tocene, all were forced southward by the onward march of the
168 NEW YORK ‘ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY:
glaciers. During the ensuing age, as the ice disappeared north-
ward, the four groups, Class B, accompanied or closely followed
it, and to-day they are at home in the Arctic regions. One or
two species in some of the other genera have also become adapted
to a boreal life.
Although the two genera, Class C, are peculiar to this hemis-
phere, yet they are only slightly differentiated—the burrowing
owls (Speotyto), from the Athene group of the Old World, and
the tiny elf owls (Micropallas), from the pygmy owls—the cos-
mopolitan Glaucidium.
As intrusive Strigine elements from the Southeast and South-
west, the Florida and western burrowing owls are of exceptional
interest. No owls seem, even accidentally, to have entered this
Region by way of Greenland, as birds occasionally do; although
the snowy owl has been caught alive seven hundred miles out
at sea, and both the American hawk owl and the screech owl are
recorded from England. The only Old World forms which are
known to have entered the Nearctic Region during historical
times, are the lapp owl and the hawk owl, both being accidental
visitors to Alaska.
Having thus briefly reviewed the North American owls as a
whole, we shall consider each group more in detail.
In the New York Zoological Park there have been on exhibition
nine out of the twelve genera of Nearctic Owls, no living speci-
mens of the great gray, American hawk or elf owls having as vet
been obtained.
GROUP I.—BARN OWLS, Strix.
The single genus of the Barn Owls is set apart from all others
by differences in structure and appearance sufficient to be desig-
nated as a separate family.
The American Barn Owl, Strix pratincola Bonap., is the
sole representative of this genus in North America. Since its iso-
lation from the European Barn Owl, it has increased considerably
in size and is lighter in color.
Of all the owls these are the most peculiar looking, as the
common name of “monkey-faced owl” suggests. In color they are
very beautiful, with gray and golden-buff upper parts, speckled
finely with black and white. Beneath they are white or buff,
sprinkled with round dots. The face is white and the heart-shaped
facial disk is yellowish-brown. “Golden Owl” is an excellent name
for this bird.
ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 169
BARN OWL,
The American Barn Owl ranges over almost the whole of the
United States and Mexico, but does not nest north of Long Island,
Nebraska and California. It is one of the most nocturnal of the
owls, and is seldom seen by day. If by chance one is caught in
the daylight, it seems almost too dazed to fly, and with eye-lids
shut to narrowest slits, it waits patiently for the relief of twilight.
Its utterances are varied. The most startling is a wild, high
scream—cr-r-r-ee !, but in its nest it utters a snoring sound with its
beak closed, and hisses when disturbed. I have known this owl.
when flying about at twilight, to click its beak repeatedly, perhaps
as a signal to its mate, as it was not feeding upon insects at
the time.
It is difficult to define the nesting site of a barn owl. It may
170 NEW YORK «ZOOLOGICAL SSOGCIETIN:
SHORT-EARED OWL.
be in a hole in a river bank, in a church belfry, or a barn or hollow
tree may be used. Little or no nesting material is provided, the
five to nine ovate, white eggs often lying on the bare earth or
wood. At the time of hatching the young are covered with yel-
lowish down, and, like the young of all owls they are most curious
looking creatures. The wing and tail feathers and the facial disks
are the first to appear, and even when five weeks old the body is
still clothed in the nestling down.
Economically this owl is everywhere of the greatest value to
man. In California it preys on gophers and ground squirrels; in
the South on cotton rats, and in the North, mice and rats form its
chief food. Dr. Fisher, in an examination of twenty-nine
stomachs, found traces of poultry in only one. Three contained
the remains of small birds; seven were empty; four contained
insects; seventeen had mice and seventeen more contained other
small mammals; conclusive evidence that these birds deserve all
the protection that man can give them.
This bird’s delicate plumage of white and gold has, however,
ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. hele
LONG-EARED OWL.
found favor with the milliner and in a day in one of our large
cities, we may count a hundred bedraggled Barn Owls on women’s
hats—all staring out of glassy yellow eyes, as wnlike the dark
brown eyes of the living birds, as the feathered masses are like
caricatures of the beauty of the birds in their native haunts!
GROUP IIl.—LONG-EARED and SHORT-EARED OWLS, Asio.
These two birds are closely associated structurally and their
genus is quite sharply defined.
Ae NEW “YORK “ZOOLOGICAL FSOCIEY:
EGGS AND YOUNG OF LONG-EARED OWL.
From a photograph by T, H. Jackson.
The American Long-Eared Owl, Asio wilsonianus (Less.), 1s,
like the barn owl, found throughout temperate North America
and Mexico, and also like that species, it is eminently nocturnal.
The chief difference from the bird of the Old World is the break-
ing up of the longitudinal stripes into mottling or indistinct trans-
verse bars. Although such a distinction as this is only superficial,
yet the fact that the American owls are completely isolated geo-
graphically, from the Eurasiatic birds, warrants their specific
designation.
In size it is midway between the great horned owls and the
screech owls, and its long feather horns rise from the middle, not
the sides, of the head.
Although not an uncommon bird, yet we know but little of
its habits and less of its notes. Sometimes when hunting it utters
a low, pleasing whistle, but when disturbed on its nest, it gives
voice to a loud wailing cry and a grating mew, while in common
ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 173
YOUNG GREAT HORNED OWLS.
From a photograph by T. H,. Jackson,
with all owls it snaps its beak in defiance. To an old deserted
crow or squirrel nest, high in a pine or hemlock tree, the
Long-Eared Owl carries a little grass for lining, and here lays
three to six eggs. From beneath, the nest looks like a hundred
other deserted nests in the neighboring woods. Rarely this owl
will build for itself.
This is another bird valuable to man, since in one hundred and
seven stomachs examined, no less than eighty-four contained mice,
while sixteen showed birds; five, shrews; and one, insects, the
remainder being empty.
For some reason both this and the following species are ex-
174 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
YOUNG BARN OWL.
From a photograph by T, H. Jacxson
tremely difficult to tame and seldom live long in captivity unless
reared from the nest by hand.
The Short-Eared Owl, Asio accipitrinus (Pall.), is, for several
reasons, of especial interest. It is one of the most widely dis-
tributed of all birds. The keenest systematists can not distinguish
between specimens from Europe, Asia, Africa, North and South
America and the Hawaiian Islands. It is absent only from west
Africa, Australia, and the adjacent Pacific Islands.
Although so closely related to the Long-Eared Owl, this is a
bird of very different habits. Its favorite haunts are open, grassy
marshes and its nest is placed invariably upon the ground. It is so
far diurnal that in cloudy weather and occasionally in bright sun-
shine, it may be seen hunting its prey. It differs from many owls
in that it has strong instincts of migration, nesting often on the
Arctic tundras of the far north and coming southward in winter.
At such times large flocks may be observed in our salt marsh-
lands.
This habit of congregation, even at the breeding season, has at
times been of the greatest value to man, as when in Scotland
during a plague of voles or field mice, these owls appeared sud-
denly in surprising numbers and as many as four hundred of their
ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 175
BARRED OWL.
nests were found within a comparatively small tract of country.
Their economic value may be estimated from the contents of one
hundred and one stomachs, eighty-four of which contained mice
and shrews; seven, insects ; and eleven, small birds.
They are said to have a shrill, barking call, like the yelp of a
small dog. A low pile of sticks and grass hidden on the ground
and lined with feathers serves to hold the half dozen eggs.
GROUP III.—BARRED OWLS, Syrnium.
The Barred or Hoot Owl, Syrniwm varium (Barton), is not un-
common in the wilder parts of our northeastern states throughout
the year, and its large size, lack of feather horns, and deep impres-
sive voice render it easy of identification. As soon as dusk has
176 NEW. YORK ‘ZOOLOGICAL, SOCIERY:
settled down upon the woods, the strange voices come to us—
Whoo, whoo-who6, whdo-wh66! and the owl leaves its hollow
tree and sets out upon its nightly hunt. When one is suddenly
awakened at midnight by one of these birds close overhead,
staring, and hooting at the camp fire, one can sympathize with the
superstitious fears of the ancients!
Barred Owls are not shy and I have known them to fly up within
a few yards of a man, governed apparently by curiosity, while by
imitating their cry it is an easy matter to bring them, even from
some distance. The hooting is unusually loud and frequent at the
season of courtship from February to April. Two to four eggs
are laid in the hollow of a tree or in an old crow nest.
These birds are easily tamed and make interesting and amusing
pets, and if liberated in a barn or corn crib during the night, will
clear the premises of all rats and mice. Over half their food, in
a wild state, consists of mice, while they also feed on small birds,
moles, frogs, and insects. It is only very rarely that they attack
poultry, the evidence being that on the whole they are of great
benefit to mankind. Although as a rule nocturnal, I have seen
these birds hunting in daylight in the dark spruce forests of Nova
Scotia.
In Florida and the Gulf States, the humid climate has darkened
the plumage, and perhaps the warmer temperature has had some-
thing to do with the reduction of the feathering on the toes, and
these birds have been given the rank of a sub-species. The birds
of southern Texas are also slightly different. In the West, how-
ever, the Barred, or as it is there called, the Spotted Owl, differs
so considerably in plumage, besides being less in size, that it is
considered as specifically distinct, Syrnium occidentale Xantus.
So rare is it, and so fond of the wilder portions of the mountains
that little is known of its habits or of those of the darker form
which inhabits the coast of Washington and British Columbia.
GROUP IV:
GREAT GRAY OWLS, Scotiaptex.
Considerably larger, but showing its rather close relationship
in its general resemblance to the barred owl, the Great Gray Owl,
Scotiapter nebulosa (Forster), of the far north, is to most of us
known only from books and skins. Although it is a bird of the
deep forest, and therefore never goes beyond the limit of tree
growth, yet even the severest winters force it but a short distance
southward and seldom beyond the northern border of the United
~
~
EEEVENTEH ANNUAL (REPORT. ]
ELF OWL AND GREAT GRAY OWL.
States. Thus the range of the snowy owl is greater in extent, both
to the north and the south.
The Great Gray is one of the largest owls in the world, measur-
ing twenty-seven inches in total length.
In its breeding haunts about Great Bear Lake and throughout
Alaska, the sun never sinks below the horizon in summer, so that
this bird is of necessity diurnal, during at least part of the year.
A nest of twigs, lined with moss and feathers, is built in a tall
178 NEW “YORK «ZOOLOGICAE®Y SOCIEPY-
spruce tree, and two to four eggs are laid. We know but little of
its habits and its food, but it seems to sustain the reputation of
the Barred Owl, of a fondness for rodents. Of nine stomachs
examined, all contained mice, while in one was the remains of a
snow bunting.
The Lapp owl of the Old World has been noted as accidentally
occurring in Alaska.
GROUP V.—SAW-WHET OWLS, Cryptoglaur.
Three forms belonging to this genus occur in the Nearctic
Region. The handsome little Richardson Owl, Cryptoglaux
tengmalmi richardsoni (Bonap.), has much the same distribution
as the Great Gray Owl, breeding in northern Canada and coming
south in winter as far as the northern United States. It is a
sub-species of the Tengmalm Owl of northern Europe and Asia,
and differs from that bird chiefly in the predominance of the
darker tints of the plumage. A hint of the dangers to which this
little owl is exposed is shown in the fate of a parent owl which
had a nest with four eggs in a hollow spruce stub; the unfortu-
nate bird being killed and eaten by a pair of ravens whose nest
was in a neighboring tree.
Quite similar in general tone of plumage, but lighter in color
and smaller in size, is the familiar Saw-Whet Owl, Cryptoglaux
acadica (Gmel.). Its rasping, but not unpleasant notes have given
to it its common name. During March and early April, when
the thoughts of these little owls are turning to nesting, the notes
are most often heard—calls of defiance or invitation—we know
not which. A woodpecker or a squirrel hole is finally chosen,
and three or four small white eggs laid therein.
It is nocturnal and sits so still in the daytime, huddled up close
to the trunk of some dense spruce or cedar, that it is seldom ob-
served. If carefully looked for in winter, however, it can usually
be found, and is so sleepy or dazzled by the light, that one can
pick the bird from its perch without difficulty. Four-fifths of its
food consists of small field mice.
Along the humid coast of British Columbia, the Saw-Whets are
much darker, and have been accounted worthy of sub-specific dis-
tinction. Otherwise, the Saw-Whet Owls from Newfoundland
and British Columbia, south to Pennsylvania and New Mexico are
all alike.
ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 179
SAW-WHET OWL. SCREECH OWL.
GROUP VI.—-SCREECH OWLS, Otus.
The Screech Owl, Otus asio (Linn.), is the commonest owl
about our houses, and the one which, in daylight, is most often
the object of persecution by mobs of small birds. These seem
instinctively to recognize their hereditary nocturnal enemy, and
to appreciate its comparative helplessness in the blinding light of
dav.
Its name is undeserved, for the ordinary call of these birds, far
from being a screech, is a tremulous, quavering series of notes,
not at all unmusical, especially to those who associate it with
pleasant memories.
Screech Owls do not migrate, and even in winter do not wander
far from their favorite hollow tree. There is hardly any orchard
of old gnarled trees which does not shelter one of these fluffy owls
deep within some hollow trunk.
A curious phenomenon of color is found in a number of spe-
cies of owls, but is especially marked in the Screech Owls. This
is called dichromatism—two distinct color phases being found,
which, so far as we know, are independent of age, sex or season.
‘If we take four or five young birds from a nest and rear them by
180 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
hand, they will assume adult plumage either of a general bright
rufous color, or else a brownish gray, being streaked with black
in both phases. This description, together with the small size—
about nine inches in length—and feather ears on the sides of the
head, will serve for identification.
There are few birds more trustful of man than the Screech Owl,
coming often into the very streets of villages, and nesting there
if they can find a suitable cavity, while upon the neighboring
farms they are omnipresent. Everywhere it finds work ready to its
talons and beak, work which no cunning of man could supplement,
in ridding gardens and fields of mice and noxious insects.
In the stomachs of two hundred and fifty owls from all parts
of the country, the remains of mice and shrews were found
in a hundred, while insects had formed the diet of a hundred more.
Thirty-eight only had fed on small birds, and this item is of the
greatest importance in this species, since, being the only owl
which frequents our villages and even cities, it may prove of great
importance in the future in keeping down the numbers of the
pestiferous English sparrows. A gentleman from Ohio writes
as follows concerning this latter bird: “Last summer they were so
thick around my house as almost to set me wild, when a little
screech owl got to visiting us every night, and at each visit he
carried off a sparrow. My house is thickly covered with vines,
and the little owl would make a dart into the vines and catch his
sparrow every time. By fall they were well thinned out.” A
Screech Owl should never be killed, but left to live his life of
constant usefulness to mankind.
The sedentary life of this species of owl, together with its
plasticity of structure, doubtless explains the quick and radical
reaction which it shows to various environments. In the United
States alone there are no fewer than thirteen forms of the
Screech Owl, all differing so much inter se, that they have been
given specific or sub-specific rank.
As we know nothing of the ancestry of these birds, it is 1mpos-
sible to tell which are the most modified, and which approach
most closely to the prototype. The Screech Owl as we know it in
the east, remains unchanged as far south as Georgia, and west
to Dakota and Kansas. In Florida and along the Gulf coast, the
owls are smaller and darker, but west of the plains from Canada
to Mexico we find as many as eleven different forms. This may
mean that the Rocky Mountain region was the original center of
distribution of this species, or it may reflect only the extremes
ELEVENTH. ANNUAL REPORT. 181
GREAT HORNED OWL.
of environment, with which, in this much diversified region,
these non-migratory birds have come into contact.
The plasticity of the owls of this genus is remarkable, con-
sidering the narrow structural limits within which the differences
range. About eighty forms have been described from all parts
of the world. The differences are in the darker or paler plumage,
and in the greater or lesser size. The large Kennicott Screech
Owl, which inhabits the coast region from Oregon north to Sitka,
is dark, sooty brown, streaked with black, and is almost eleven
inches in length. From this we have gradations, continuous or
not, according to whether the forms are more or less isolated,
until we reach the pale, desert-hued Xantus Screech Owl some
eight inches over all, which is found only in Lower California,
and because of its isolation has been made a species. The min-
imum in size, however, is shown by the Dwarf Screech Owl of
Idaho, a pale form hardly seven inches from head to tail. In addi-
182 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
tion to the thirteen forms mentioned above, there are more than
half a dozen kinds of -Screech Owls known to inhabit Mexico,
none of which cross the southwest border of the United States.
The habits of all are very similar to those of our eastern bird.
When wishing to conceal itself, a S¢reech Owl draws its feathers
close to its body, stands bolt upright, with eyes almost shut, and
in this posture its remarkable resemblance to a dead branch stub
is doubtless of great value to it. The illusion is heightened by
the conspicuous feather ears which stick up like the splintered
ends of a broken off branch.
GROUP VII.—GREAT HORNED OWLS, Bubo.
These are the largest and fiercest of the owls of the United
States, and are important, both as a conspicuous feature of our
Avifauna and in their economic relations to man. They are found
in almost all parts of the North American continent, and show
adaptive radiation in a most interesting way. Six different forms
are recognized, but these intergrade and the ranges overlap to such
an extent that no hard and fast lines can be drawn.
Considering the Great Horned Owls as a whole, the eastern
form Bubo virgimianus (Gmel.), which extends from Newfound-
land and Ontario southward, is clothed with various shades of
ochraceous-buff and black. In the central west we find a form
much lighter than our eastern owl; but then, passing northward
in the interior to the Hudson Bay territory—the land of snow
and snow-colored creatures—Bubo becomes whiter and whiter,
until, in the extreme type of the Arctic Horned Owl, we have a
bird with a plumage of a white ground-color, with a few restricted
dark markings above, and almost wholly white below!
As we approach the humid regions of the Pacific slope, we
enter the range of the typical Dusky Horned Owl, well named
saturatus, for the dampness of the atmosphere has permeated his
plumage, giving it a dark sooty brown tone, wholly without yel-
low or buff.
Finally in the dry, arid waste of Lower California, lives the
extreme southern type, the small Dwarf Horned Owl.
Our Horned Owl of the east, perched quietly in a tree, seems the
personification of gentleness and good nature. The sharp beak
and talon are buried in the fluffy feathers and the half-shut eyes
are softened. But as night approaches and the pangs of hunger
are felt, a transformation takes place in the bird. After sundry
stretches and yawns, his eyes open wide, shining with a fierce
ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 183
yellow light. Quick turns of his head show how keen is his vision,
perceiving the slightest movement of anything within sight. The
sharp talons open and shut on the branch, the bill is given one or
two vicious snaps, and, noiseless as a shadow, the dreaded hunter
swoops from his perch.
The most common cry of this owl is a deep, gruff H60-hoo
whoo! given, however, with far less expression and modulation
than the-utterances of the barred owl. A rarer sound is a sud-
den, loud, blood-curdling shriek, which well befits the character
of this feathered tiger. Wherever found it is easily master of the
night—a noiseless, flying shadow of death, which must ever haunt
the timid creatures crouching on the branches or among the
stubble.
Crows have sworn eternal war upon the Great Horned Owl, and
when they discover one in the daytime they will shout at it for
hours, and persecute it in any way which they dare. Quartering
the fields and woods at night, the strong owl swoops unerringly
upon rabbit, mouse, or bird. In the north it feeds upon the large
Arctic hare and grouse. No bird of prey excels it in courage or
fierceness, and it is the only bird I know, which, in captivity, wil!
fearlessly attack a man entering its cage. It occasionally kills
and devours even our largest hawks—the red-tailed and red-
shouldered, while geese and young foxes have been known to fall
victims to it. It suffers no other large and nocturnal owl to live
unmolested on the hunting grounds it has chosen, and whenever
Great Horned Owls appear for the first time in a locality, the
barred owls rapidly decrease, and finally give way altogether
and go elsewhere. Of all the owls this is the most frequent
visitor to our hen-roosts, but far from universally condemning it
on this account, the habits and food of these birds should be
studied in each particular locality before it is indiscriminately
slain. The mice, hares, and insects outnumber the poultry three
to one in the stomachs of those birds which have been examined.
Two or three white eggs are laid in a last year’s nest of some
hawk or crow, and in the latitude of New York the eggs are
sometimes deposited as early as the first of March, before the last
snow flurry has past.
As the woods are cut down, the Great Horned Owl becomes
rarer, everywhere retreating to the wilder, less settled regions.
This will be the first species of owl to disappear when mankind
has carried his areas of cultivation throughout the mountains and
backwoods.
184 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
SNOWY OWL.
GROUP VIII.—SNOwy OWLS, Nyctea.
In all countries of the north—America, Europe, and Asia—
this is a typical owl, Nyctea nyctea (Linn.), of the Arctic plains—
the frozen tundras. It is white in color, more or less barred with
brown, these dark markings being more abundant in the female.
The old male birds are sometimes almost pure white in color. Of
such a specimen shot in Alaska, Mr. Nelson writes, that its plu-
mage was suffused with “a rich and extremely beautiful shade of
ELEEVENTEH ANNUAL REPORT. 185
clear lemon-yellow, exactly as the rose blush clothes the entire
plumage of some gulls in spring. The morning after the bird
was killed the color was gone, the plumage being dead white.”
Its natural home is on open, treeless plains, and when it wanders
south in winter it is almost always to be found perched on a rock
or on the snow in an open field. During some years Snowy Owls
enter the United States in large numbers, and may be so abun-
dant in one locality that it seems as if they were living in flocks.
The Snowy Owl can see well in the daytime, without which
faculty it would indeed be helpless during the months of sunlight
throughout the Arctic summer. It has a strong, rapid flight,
although noiseless, and according to Audubon, is able to capture
ducks, pigeons, and grouse on the wing. It is fond of fish, and
is said to swoop down upon them, osprey fashion, and seize them
in the water. In the north, ptarmigan and hares form its princi-
pal food.
Its nest is rarely found. This consists merely of a few feathers
placed in a slight hollow in the ground. An unusually large num-
ber of eggs is laid, three to eleven, and this is doubtless due to
the many dangers from ravens and Arctic foxes, to which such
a terrestrial nest must be exposed. It is only, however, while
the parents are absent that there is any danger from marauders,
as these owls are strong and courageous, and few creatures would
care to face those sharp talons, which are controlled by tendons
as strong as steel.
The Snowy Owl is a strangely silent bird, and Arctic explorers
and those who have observed it in captivity have recorded nothing
concerning its voice, except that when disturbed it hisses and
snaps its beak after the usual owl fashion. That it has a voice
and an unusually strange one, however, was made apparent to me
on one occasion not long ago when one of these birds was brought
into a dark room, preparatory to an examination with the ophthal-
moscope. It suddenly gave utterance to a series of loud, piercing
screams, a shrill cachinnation so startling that the man who was
holding the bird nearly dropped it. This single utterance is the
only vocal sound I have ever heard from this species, although I
have sometimes watched a cageful of seven, off and on, during
the whole of a winter's night.
Although no trace of feathery ears is visible externally, yet
close examination will show them developed slightly beyond the
other feathers of the head. In general structure these owls stand
midway between the great horned (Bubo), and the Screech
Owls (Otus).
186 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
GROUP IX.—HAWK OWLS, Survia.
The typical Hawk Owl of the Old World is only a casual strag-
gler to Alaska, so hardly enters into our consideration, but those
members of this species, which in past time took up their life
upon our continent, have, through their isolation, changed in color
from the excess of white spotting to the prevalence of brown
markings, and are deemed worthy of a sub-species—the American
Hawk Owl, Surmia ulula caparoch (Miull.).
It is interesting to note that this increase in dark markings
in American birds when compared with their congeners in the
Palearctic Region, occurs also in the Richardson as compared
with the Tengmalm owl, and was formerly thought to form a
distinction between snowy owls of the New and the Old World.
Though typically owl-like in structure the diurnal habits of
the Hawk Owl are strongly reflected in its appearance, which is so
hawk-like that it is hard to believe that this resemblance is only a
parallelism. Curiously enough, this likeness is even apparent in its
sudden, shrill scream—unowl-like and recalling the cry of one of
the smaller hawks.
The home of the Hawk Owl is in the fur countries of the
north, breeding from Newfoundland to the limit of tree growth.
Occasionally it comes as far south as Pennsylvania. It hunts
throughout the day and at night retires to some arboreal roost
for sleep, like any bird of the day. Its food consists chiefly of
mice, but in the more northern parts of its range it feeds largely
upon ptarmigan. These grouse exceed the owl in size and weight,
so that it is unable to carry them off, but is compelled to devour
them where they are caught and killed.
It is not particular as to a nesting place, choosing either a hollow
stub, a woodpecker hole or else relining some deserted nest.
Three to seven eggs are laid.
GROUP X.—BURROWING OWLS, Speotyto.
These are perhaps the most aberrant of all owls, and, together
with Micropallas are found only in the New World. This genus
is eminently tropical in its distribution, and its presence in the
Nearctic Region is clearly an intrusion from the south, stand-
ing in sharp contrast to the other groups, which, from their dis-
tribution and congeneric relationship with Old World forms,
seem to be more recent emigrants from the northwest. But even
ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 187
HAWK OWL.
the Burrowing Owls have as their nearest relation, the genus
Athene of Europe.
What is considered as the typical form of Burrowing Owl,
Speotyto cunicularia (Mol.), is widely spread over South
America, although its terrestrial habits confine it to the open plains
and pampas of that continent. Passing northward through Central
America and Mexico, and over the wide western plains of our
own country, the Burrowing Owl becomes smaller, and the brown
areas on wings and tail increase until they predominate over the
white. This is the Western Burrowing Owl, S. c. hypogaea
(Bonap.), which has so often figured in pseudo-scientific tales as
the third element in the “happy family” of rattlesnakes and prairie-
dogs. There is of course no vestige of truth in the story. The
prairie-dog is doubtless dispossessed by both bird and reptile, if
not indeed devoured during the process.
188 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL’ ‘SOCIE GRY.
Turning back to South America and starting northward again
via the West Indies, we find a second line. of distribution of these
owls, with distinct island forms on Margarita, Guadeloupe, Anti-
gua, and Hayti. Finally, the most northern link in the chain, in
the Bahamas and southern Florida, is the Florida Burrowing Owl,
S. c. floridana Ridgw. This differs from the Western race
THE WESTERN BURROWING OWL.
in being gray instead of earthy brown or sand color, the greater
humidity of its habitat and of that of its island progenitors ac-
counting for its darker coloration.
Wherever the Burrowing Owl is found, it is wholly terrestrial
in habit, and subterranean in its nesting. This unusual environ-
ment has affected its structure and appearance; the diurnal life
having perhaps brought about the degeneration of the facial disk,
which is markedly imperfect. The legs have greatly increased in
length and the feathers on the toes and tarsus have either dis-
appeared or degenerated into bristles.
The Western owl usually occupies the deserted hole of a prairie-
dog; farther south, the burrows of the large iguana lizards are
sometimes pre-empted, and in South America, armadillos and
vizcachas are often the original architects of the owl’s burrow.
But whenever dependent upon their own exertions for a home,
these owls, whether of the Western or Florida race, show them-
selves to be expert sappers and miners. The birds from the
latter region, indeed, must always dig their own burrows, as there
are no native fossorial mammals or reptiles of large size to im-
ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 189
pose upon. Nevertheless, the Florida owls do not live lives of
unalloyed peacefulness, since there, as in the west, rattlesnakes
are not adverse to appropriating a tempting burrow, and if a
young owl is to be had for the taking, at the end, why so much
the better! A most interesting fact is told about these owls;
that when disturbed, they utter a sound, startlingly like the buzz
of a rattler. This, if correct, must often serve a useful purpose
in frightening away a marauding weasel or other predatory animal.
The food of these birds defies description. It may be said to
consist of anything edible and small enough to be captured and
killed by them—whether insect, lizard, bird, or mammal. Insects,
however, form the chief item in their diet.
The burrows which these birds dig for themselves are usually
about eight feet in length with little attempt at a nest at the end,
where the five to ten eggs are laid.
I have observed both of the Nearctic races of Burrowing Owls
in captivity, and have seen each make burrows with equal rapidity.
I know of no account of the actual operation, so will add what I
have noticed concerning the nesting of a pair of the Florida birds.
When a pile of earth and clay, some three feet deep, was placed
in their cage, they began to work at once, and within a few days
had burrowed out of sight. This work was carried on mostly at
night, on account of the many people passing during the day, but
several times on rainy days, when the bird house was quiet, by
stealthily watching behind a door, the birds were seen at work.
Their method of excavating was to alight at the entrance of the
burrow and walk slowly into it, kicking a shower of dirt backward
at each step. Long after the bird disappeared from view, the
little spouts of sand would continue to be thrown out, as regular
as clockwork. In three or four minutes the bird would come up
to the entrance and repeat its trip to the end of the burrow. In
this way the entire length of the passage was kept clear, and the
earth loosened at the inner end was gradually heaped up outside.
Soon after the burrow was begun, the two Florida birds paired
off, and the single Western Burrowing Owl which shared the
cage, led an unhappy life until removed to another enclosure. If
he happened to alight anywhere near the burrow, both of the
owners would jump on him literally “with both feet,” rolling him
over and over.
When the offensive third owl was removed, the two partners
settled down to burrowing in earnest, and excavated a large pile
of earth. Now began a most amusing courtship. They would
stand side by side in tke entrance of the burrow, and chuckle and
190 NEW “YORK (ZOOLOGICAL S@CIBIY:
bow to each other by the hour. Then they would race around and
pop up and down the hole like jack-in-the-boxes. Of course
their burrowing operations under ground could only be guessed
at, but one of the owls, presumably the female, remained below
most of the day, and when she appeared, presented such a worn
and dirty appearance that it seemed probable she was sitting. Her
partner took up his station on the pile of earth near the entrance
and dutifully swore at any one who intruded, or promptly con-
veyed mice and sparrows into the mysterious cavern where, week
after week, his mate was patiently incubating in the darkness.
If stared at intently, he would slowly back down, until in the
darkness of the burrow, nothing was distinguishable but his two
round, shining, yellow eyes. Again when not frightened, he
would twist his head around sideways in a vertical direction, until
he looked at the observer with head completely reversed. This
was quite a common trick, but why he wanted an upside-down
view of things, was more than I could ever explain. One day a
board was placed across the entrance of the burrow, as an experi-
ment, but the next morning the little owl was standing beside a
new hole higher up, and venting all the wrath in his diminutive
body on the innocent piece of wood.
Week after week passed and the faithful owl-wife grew more
and more emaciated and bedraggled, until, fearing that she would
die, it was decided to dig out her secret. So both owls were shut
out of the burrow and a layer of earth removed, then a second
and third, until the whole excavation was exposed to view, and it
was found that the owls had used their limited amount of earth in
the most ingenious possible way. The burrow, as a whole, re-
sembled a descending spiral. It led obliquely downward from
the entrance, then curved around to the left, and about five feet
from the mouth, widened into a circular chamber, evidently in
use as a dining-room, as the floor was covered with scraps of dried
meat and feathers. The tunnel, which was almost circular in
section, with hard-packed walls, extended about five feet further,
describing a large, gradually descending circle in its course, until
it crossed under the upper portion of the burrow, near the en-
trance. At the extreme end was the nest, merely a second circular
chamber containing two white eggs, laid on the bare clay, with a
few scattered pebbles around them. These pebbles were evidently
the cause of all the trouble, for each egg had a little nick in the
side, made, no doubt, by a pebble falling from the roof, and so
rendering useless the four week’s incubation of the parent owl;
the embryos within the eggs being completely dry.
ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 191
FERRUGINOUS PIGMY OWL.
GROUP XI.—PYGMY OWLS, Glaucidium,
This group of tiny owls is unknown to us in the east, although,
as a genus, it is wide-spread, being represented in Europe and by
a number of species in Asia, Africa, and South America. The
Pygmy Owl, Glaucidium gnoma Wagl., inhabits the mountain
regions of the Rockies, from British Columbia south into Mexico,
while a darker sub-species lives in the humid coast region.
Besides a form inhabiting Lower California, there is a southern
species, the Ferruginous Pygmy Owl, G. phalaenoides (Daud.),
which reaches the southern border of the United States. This
is a most beautiful little owl, clothed in a varied pattern of white
and brilliant rufous.
Although not strictly diurnal, yet these owls have so far deserted
the habits of their Order, that they fly about in the morning and
late afternoon, pursuing the grasshoppers and small mice upon
which they prey.
The call-notes are said to be soft and musical and four eggs
are deposited in the deserted hole of a woodpecker.
192 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL, SOGIE® Y
GROUP XII.—THE ELF OWL, Miucropallas.
Last and in this case least—at any rate in point of size, comes
the Elf Owl, Micropallas whitneyi (Cooper). Micro-Pallas he
is indeed, the smallest owl in the world, but from head to tail,
throughout his diminutive stature of five and a half inches, he
holds true to the traditions and structure of the birds sacred to his
goddess namesake.
If we disregard his tail, we have about three and a half inches
of owl. During the day he sleeps soundly in accepted owl-fashion ;
at evening he wakes, stretches his wings, and sallies forth in
quest of prey. No great game is his, for even a big beetle will
give the tiny owl much trouble, and yet he is capable of overpow-
ering a small mouse or shrew. Sparrows, as a rule, show no
fear of this diminutive bird of prey when they come across him
in the daytime, but feathers have been found in his stomach, so
that he can claim victory over at least a wren or a sparrow. These
owls sometimes collect around the light of a camp-fire, probably
attracted by the insects which gather and fly about the bright spot.
When discovered in the daytime, the Elf Owl resorts to a most
interesting ruse to conceal his diminutive body. His wing is
mottled gray and white like the gray stems and flecks of sunlight
about him, and when he thinks he is in danger of being discovered
he draws one wing across the front part of his body like a shield,
holding it so high that he can just peer over it. If we walk
around his perch, the knowing little chap will slowly revolve,
always presenting his mottled wing to the front. When thus
barricaded behind his own protectively colored feathers, it is im-
possible, at-a little distance, to distinguish him from his sur-
roundings.
Two to four eggs are laid in a deserted woodpecker hole in
the stem of some giant cactus, and the young elfin owls are most
quaint little creatures. The home of the Elf Owl is on the table-
lands of Mexico, and northward to southern Texas and Califor-
nia. This owl, including a barely separable darker form from
western Mexico, is the sole representative of its genus, which is
therefore peculiar to this region. Its nearest relatives are perhaps
members of the genus Glaucidium, which, however, are larger,
with much longer tails and, as we have seen, are more diurnal in
habits.
LIST OF BIRDS LIVING IN THE NEW YORK
ZOOLOGICAL PARK,
December 31, 1906.*
Glass “AVES~ ‘Birds.
Sub-Class RATITAE, Flat-breasted Birds.
Order RHEIFORMES, Rhea-hke Birds.
Family Ruerpar, Rheas.
Commoneliihea csi. oa oot Rhea americana (Linn.).
Order STRUTHIONIFORMES, Ostrich-like Birds.
Family SrruTHiontark, Ostriches.
North African Ostrich ....Struthio camelus Linn.
South African Ostrich ....Struthio australis Gurney.
Order CASUARIIFORMES, Cassowary-like Birds.
Family DroMarIDArE, Emeus.
PIM ee esqereeee ee ae oe teres oe Dromaeus novae-hollandiae Lath.
Family CAsuARIIDAE, Cassowaries.
Ceram Cassowary ........ Casuarius casuarius (Linn.).
Sub-Class CARINATAE, Keel-breasted Birds.
Order TINAMIFORMES, Tinamou-like Birds.
Family TrnamIpAkE, Tinamous.
Rufous: Tinamou. =. ./.. 2%. Rhynchotus rufescens (Temm.).
Crested Timamou 3... Calopezus elegans (D’Orb. &
Geoffr.).
*In the great majority of cases, the Society holds that the publication
of lengthy lists of names is uninteresting to the public, and therefore un-
desirable. The present, however, is regarded as an exceptional case, partly
on account of the universal interest in living birds, and also because of our
need of a printed check-list of our bird collection.—Ep.
194 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
Order GALLIFORMES, Fowl-like Birds.
Sub-Order Megapodii.
Family Mrcaropirpakr, Brush Turkeys.
Brush Turkey Mis ih suet Catheturus lathami (Lath.).
Sub-Order Craces.
Family Cracipak, Curassows and Guans.
Banded Curassow ........ Crax fasciolata Spix.
Globose Curassow .......- Crax globicera Linn.
Panama Curassow ........ Crax panamensis Grant.
Razor-billed Curassow ....Mitua mitu (Linn.).
Lesser Razor-billed
Curassows A ose aoe Mitua tomentosa (Spix.).
Crested Guan 2s 45.2354 Penelope cristata (Linn.).
Bolivian’ “Guam [c0<2e4: - Penelope boliviana Bonap.
White-breasted Guan ..... Ortalis albiventris (Wagl.)
Chattering Chachalaca ....Ortalis garrula (Humb.).
Northern Chachalaca ..... Ortalis vetula maccalli Baird.
Sub-Order Phasiani.
Family TerraonipaAk, Ptarmigan and Grouse.
Capercaille is iiss soicscters Tetrao urogallus Linn.
Family PHAsIANIDAE, Partridges, Pheasants, and Peacocks.
Chukar Red-legged
Parthidge: 2554. ait Caccabis chukar Gray.
Painted Francolin..2.... 2. Francolinus pictus (J. & S.).
Gray -Prancolin, 3.57 3.) Francolinus pondicerianus (Gmel.).
Abyssinian Francolin ..... Pternistes infuscatus Cab.
European Partridge ...... Perdix perdiz (Linn.).
European” Quailet>. ce Coturnia coturnia (Linn.).
Chinese Painted Quail ....Eacalfactoria chinensis (Linn.).
Temminck Horned
SL rayopant rus wee eee Tragopan temmincki (J. E. Gray).
Cabot’ Tragopani =>. 4: 25). Tragopan caboti (Gould).
ELEVENTH -ANNUAL REPORT. 195
Impeyan Moonal Pheasant. Lophophorus impeyanus Lath.
Siamese Fire-backed
eheasatitvers stato Diardigallus diardi Bonap.
Manchurian Eared
RheASAN iTS cc.csee ets ees Crossoptilum manchuricum Swinh.
Black-crested Nepal
Pheasanty (sins: tres ints Gennaeus leucomelanus (Lath.).
Melanotus Pheasant ...... Gennaeus melanonotus (Blyth).
Anderson. Pheasant. 32/1): Gennaeus andersoni (Elliot).
ibineated> Pheasant \..3..: Gennaeus lineatus (Vig.).
Dilvers Pheasant. ji 2a, ote Gennaeus nycthemerus (Linn.).
Swinhoe Pheasant .......- Gennaeus sninhoei Gould.
English Pheasant <2... Phasianus colchicus Linn.
Ring-necked Pheasant ....Phasianus torquatus Gmel.
English Ring-necked
Pheasants s-oncine.ceees Phasianus colchicus+torquatus.
Satschen Ring-necked
Pheasantaen: aye os fee Phasianus satscheunensis Przev.
Versicolor Pheasant ...... Phasianus versicolor Vieill.
Reeves. Pheasant: S. 3% 6. =2 Syrmaticus reevesi Gray.
Eihot Pheasant’’.-...*.\.1 2. + Calophasis ‘ellioti (Swinh.).
Golden- Pheasant, 2.7.c.)25. : Chrysolophus pictus (Linn.).
Amherst Pheasant ........ Chrysolophus amherstiae Leadb.
Red Jungle Bowls: =, 42257. Gallus gallus (Linn.).
Posh Hhowle ee .taen eee. Gallus domesticus.
Peacock. Pheasant)... 3... ... Polyplectrum germaini Elliot.
Indian Peacock .......... Pavo cristatus Linn.
White Indian Peacock ....Pavo cristatus Linn.
Black-winged Peacock ....Pavo nigripennis Scl.
PAVAMIPCACOCK x Da ohare oe: Pavo muticus Linn.
Family Numipipar, Guinea Fowl.
Abyssinian Guinea Fowl ..Numida ptilorhyncha Licht.
Wald. “Guinea Fowl... 0... Numida meleagris Linn.
Vulturine Guinea Fowl ...dAcryllium vulturium (Hardw.).
Family MevLeaGripak, Turkeys.
Wald Burkeygrs.s.0the. oe Meleagris gallopavo silvestris
; (Vieill.).
196 NEW YORK
ZOOLOGICAL, YSOCIERY:
Family OpoNTOPHORIDAE, Quail.
Sealed Quail
Plumed Quaila sae ere
California Quail
Bob-white
Florida Beb-white
Cuban Bob-white
Montezuma Quail
Callipepla squamata
(Vig.).
Oreortyx pictus plumiferus (Gould).
Lophortyx californicus (Shaw).
Colinus virginianus (Linn.).
Colinus virgimianus var.
Colinus floridanus Coues.
Colinus cubanensis Gould.
(Vig.).
Se
Cyrtonyx montezumae
Order COLUMBIFORMES, Pigeons and Doves.
Sub-Order Columbae.
Family Cotumsrpak, the Rock Dove and others.
Pouter Pigeon
Fan-tailed Pigeon
Jacobin Pigeon
Curacaoe Doveroen eee
Spotted. Pareony 2 eee
White-crowned Pigeon
Band-tailed Pigeon
Family PerisTerIpAk, Turtle
Rear Dover ven chen. aie
Venezuela Doves cence.
White-winged Dove ......
European Turtle Dove
Barbary Turtle Dove
Half-collared Turtle Dove
Changeable Turtle Dove.
Cape Turtle Dove
Vinaceous Turtle Dove ....
Africans Dover? sccdes ee, cre
Chinese Turtle Dove
Senegal Turtle Dove
Barred Dove
Inca Dove
ie) (eile: ecems:/ elle
ote oe inne ne
Bahama Ground Dove
Australian Crested Pigeon
Columba
Columba
livia Bonn. var.
livia Bonn. var.
Columba livia Bonn. var.
Columba gymnophthalma Temm.
Columba arquatrix Temm.
Columba
Columba
leucocephala_ Linn.
fasciata Say.
and Ground Doves.
Zenaida zenaida (Bonap.).
Ridew.
Melopelia leucoptera (Linn.).
Turtur turtur (Linn.).
Streptopelia
Zenaida vinaceo-rufa
risoria (Linn.).
(Rupp.).
(Boc.).
capicola (Finsch.).
Streptopelia semitorquata
Streptopelia ambigua
Streptopelia
Streptopelia vinacea (Gmel.).
Streptopelia spec.
Spilopelia chinensis (Scop.).
Stigmatopelia senegalensis (Linn.).
Geopelia striata (Linn.).
Scardafella inca (Less.).
Columbigallina bahamensis
Maynard.
Ocyphaps lophotes (Temm.).
ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 197
Red-underwing Dove ..... Leptoptila rufazilla (Rich.).
White-breasted Dove ..... Leptoptila jamaicensis (Linn.).
Key West Quail Dove ....Geotrygon chiysia Bonap.
Wonga-wonga Pigeon ..... Leucosarcia picata (Lath.).
Bleeding-heart Pigeon ....Phlogonas luzonica (Scop.).
Blue-headed Quail Dove...Starnoenas cyanocephala_ (Linn.).
* . - .
Family Gouripak, Crowned Pigeons.
Great Crowned Pigeon....Goura coronata (Linn.).
Victoria Crowned Pigeon...Goura victoria (Fraser).
Order RALLIFORMES, Rails, Gallinules, and Coots.
Family Ratiipar, Rails, Gallinules, and Coots.
« ,
WMelcamNUAM Sete: cieiace es nae Ocydromus australis (Sparrm.).
Rlorida Gallimule o: 5. i. Gallinula galeata Bonap.
Purple Gallinnle ns o: Ionornis martinica (Linn.).
Sultana Gallinule ........ Porphyrio porphyrio (Linn.).
Gray-headed Gallinule ....Porphyrio poliocephalus (Wath.).
Black-backed Gallinule ...Porphyrio melanonotus 'Temm.
Cooter re ehrrasctere oe Fulica americana Gmel.
Order PODICIPEDIDIFORMES, Grebes.
Family PopictPpeptpar, Grebes.
Florne d= Grever rns. < ric.) ci ener: Dytes auritus (Linn.).
Order LARIFORMES, Terns, Skimmers, and Gulls.
Family Laripar, Terns, Skimmers, and Gulls.
Commonselicrnieey waren Sterna hirundo Linn.
Sootva elem cree elas Sterna fuliginosa Gmel. i
Black Skimmers... Rhynchops nigra Linn.
Eauching, Gulls oo. cis Larus atricilla Linn.
Brown-headed Gull ....... Larus ridibundus Linn.
Great Black-backed Gull..Zarus marinus Linn.
Herning Gullo. i s.. caee Larus argentatus Brunn.
American Herring Gull....Larus argentatus smithsonianus
Coues.
Western Gulll eas. 2s 0s. Larus occidentalis Aud.
Rine-billedsGullycs <2. 0325. Larus delawarensis Ord.
Ivory s Gull oe eters <3 Pagophila alba (Gunn.).
198 NEW . YORK ZOOLOGICAL) -SOCIE-WY:
Order CHARADRIIFORMES, Plovers, Sandpipers, Thicknees
and Bustards.
Sub-Order Charadrii.
Family CHARApDRITDAE, Plovers and Sandpipers.
b)
European Lapwing ....... Vanellus vanellus (Winn.).
European Curlew ........Numenius arquata (Linn.).
Redshanks cso isnans ee Totanus calidris (Linn.).
Spotted Sandpiper .......z Actitis macularia (Linn.).
ai 63') ea oe be reece Pavoncella pugnax (Linn.).
Git) ion ipo Grom eio's a2 aie Tringa canutus (Linn.).
Sub-Order Oedicnemi.
Family OrpicNeMipAk, Thicknees.
Double-striped Thicknee...Oedicnemus bistriatus (Wagl.).
Order GRUIFORMES, Cranes, Seriemas, ete.
Sub-Order Grues.
Family Gruipak, Cranes.
Sandhill Crane cra5.. Sac Grus mexicana (Mill.).
Little Brown Crane ...¥/.. Grus canadensis (Linn.).
Whooping: Crane 3.4.00 os Grus americana (Linn.).
Asiatic: White Crane... 23... Sarcogeranus leucogeranus (Pall.).
Sarus Crane {325 3. see Antigone antigone (Linn.).
Paradise Crane. 2s ee) se Tetrapteryx paradisea (Licht.).
Demoiselle Crane ye 222 22 Anthropoides virgo (Linn.).
Crowned: Crane. 32 2 asta Balearica pavonina (Linn.).
Sub-Order Dicholophi.
Family CartaMIpAk, Seriemas.
Seriemias coe eee eee Cariama cristata Linn.
Order ARDEIFORMES, Ibises, Storks, and Herons.
Sub-Order Plataleae.
Family Isipipar, Ibises.
White-faced Glossy Ibis... Plegadis guarauna (Linn.).
Wihite:EDis: eis aieccencjennne tre Guara alba (Linn.).
Searlet “bis ™.as2 peer ee Guara rubra (Linn.).
ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 199
Family PLATALEIDAE, Spoonbills.
Roseate Spoonbill -. ..-...<%2 Adjaja ajaja (Linn.).
Sub-Order Ciconiae.
Family Crcontipak, Storks and Adjutants.
Wood: ibisie se aie acer Tantalus loculator (Linn.).
Wihibes storks fee tte Ciconia ciconia (Linn.).
Blacks Stork ie. 3 Se ae ane Ciconia nigra (Linn.).
Black-necked. Stork .-'. 5. <7. Xenorhynchus asiaticus (Lath.).
Indian “Adjutant: -.<. 3.2. ::. Leptoptilus dubius (Gmel.).
Javan Adjutant, .soaie.. sr. Leptoptilus javanicus (Horsf.).’
Marabou Stork. 3 5.10.0. .% Leptoptilus crumeniferus (Less.).
Sub-Order Ardeae.
Family ArprmpAr, Herons and Bitterns.
Great, blue: Lleroneg cre -2 Ardea herodias Linn.
Wear dsEMenom t5cc.u cis boecicts reuse Ardea herodias wardi Ridgw.
Greate White, Eleroni 7)... 5 - Ardea occidentalis Ord.
Merican: MRyexeb 22726). <1-.< Herodias egretta (Gmel.).
Little “Blue Herone. fae... Florida caerulea (Linn.).
Suowy= Boreas a2. cic tlm Egretta candidissima (Gmel.).
Black-crowned Night
RV CFON i. cgi sates oe Nycticorax nycticorax naevius
(Bodd.).
European Night Heron ...Nycticorax nycticorax (Linn.).
GreemakeLone aoe eve s : Butorides virescens (Linn.).
etisiana Heron) 2a. Hydranassa tricolor ruficollis
(Gosse).
‘iger (Dither Weges so fiat: oe Heterocnus cabanisi (Heine).
Order PALAMEDEIFORMES, Screamers.
Sub-Order Palamedeae.
Family PALAMEDIDAE, Screamers.
Crested = Screamers seer. cion Chauna cristata (Swains.).
200 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
Order PHOENICOPTERIFORMES, Flamingos.
Family PHOENICOPTERIDAE, Flamingos.
American Flamingo ...... Phoenicopterus ruber Linn.
European Flamingo ...... Phoenicopterus roseus Pall.
Order ANSERIFORMES, Swans, Geese, and Ducks.
Family ANATIDAE, Swans, Geese, and Ducks.
Bewick) Swans]. oe. ihc ot Cygnus benicki Yarr.
Whistling Swans ee. ‘Cygnus columbianus (Ord.).
Prumpeters Swanio- seo Cygnus buccinator Richards.
IMGUIbe Sg S Wallan tee nes sete ceatere Cygnus olor Gmel.
Black-necked Swan ....... Cygnus melanocoryphus (Mol.).
Blacks Swany scare er Chenopsis atrata (Lath.).
Semipalmated Goose .....: Anseranus semipalmata (Lath.).
Spur-winged Goose ...... Plectropterus gambensis (Linn.).
IMmscovy; Dic kar eta Catrina moschata (Linn.).
Wood! Dueck 4 tenants corer dix sponsa (Linn.).
Mandarins Ducky oc s) se dix galericulata (Linn.)
Snow Goosew. sere ead ele Chen hyperborea (Pall.).
Greater Snow Goose ..... Chen hyperborea nivalis (Forst.).
WaldiGray Goosen). a.-=- dnser anser (Linn.).
White-fronted Goose .....: Anser albifrons (Gmel.).
(Bean Goose ws qo ie cht Anser fabilis Lath.
Pink-footed “Goose... 3.2.) Anser brachyrhynchus (Baill.).
iBar-headliGooses.. etait Kulabia indica (Lath.).
Chinese. Goose“. ace... Cygnopsis cygnoides (Linn ).
Canada "Gooses pin. cit ae oe Branta canadensis Linn.
Etutehime"Goosee- ace. macarons Branta canadensis hutchinsii
(Richards).
Brant: (Geoses 54: 52.23 et Branta bernicla (Linn.).
Kulvous Tree-duck s) 5-45. - Dendrocygna fulva (Gmel.).
Black-bellied Tree-duck ...Dendrocygna autumnalis (Linn.).
Australian Tree-duck ...:. Dendrocygna arcuata (Horsf.).
Jiava; (ree-duckw yn. ree Dendrocygna javanica (Horsf.).
Bahama “I'ree-duck =. .:-- Dendrocygna arborea (Linn.).
Hey ptiam Goose sc). che Alopochen aegyptiacus (Linn.).
Ruddy Sheldrakes 2... Casarca casarca (Linn.).
Wiellleyyel IDG 5s sabas00 007 Anas boschas Linn.
ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 901
BlackeDuek i223 5 Suk een dnas obscuras Gmel.
Red-legged Black Duck ..dnas obscuras rubripes Brewst.
Australian Gray Duck...... dnas superciliosa Gmel.
GadwallvsDteket sen. . 4: oss Chaulelasmus strepera Linn.
European Widgeon ....... Mareca penelope (Linn.).
Baldpatel ts oes wae tae oe! Mareca americana (Gmel.).
American Green-winged
Beale ea. a. ist g ae | i eLviomcarolmmensis™ (Ginela).
Garvaneye, Leal 5.52.2 aor Querquedula querquedula (Linn.).
Blue-winged “Teal=. +7. ..-3 Querquedula discors (Linn.).
inital Dicken font ays antec Dafila acuta (Linn.).
Rosy-pilled Duck. 32 2.15 .on8 Metopiana peposaca (Vieill.).
Bochard: Duck. 5.0% bi 2aise2 Aythya ferina (Linn.).
med heady Macks 2. ..s7.. aise Aythya americana (Eyt.).
Canvas-back Duck .......< Aythya vallisneria (Wils.).
uftedsSeaup! Ducks, 2 xz Aythya fuligula (Linn.).
Order PELECANIFORMES, Cormorants, Pelicans, ete.
Family PHALACROCORACIDAE, Cormorants.
Double-crested Cormorant. .Phalacrocorax dilophus (Swains.).
Florida Cormorant ....... Phalacrocorax dilophus floridanus
(Ord.).
Cramile be aey ap tone ae Sea ate ae Sula bassana_ (Linn.).
Family FReGATIDAR, Frigate Birds.
Brigate Bind sae rock an ck: Fregata aquila Linn.
Family PELECANIDAE, Pelicans.
European White Pelican ..Pelecanus onocrotalus Gmel.
Red-backed Pelican ...... Pelecanus rufescens Gmel.
Browse Gelican-.. 2 ees hs Pelecanus occidentalis Linn.
American White Pelican. ..Pelecanus erythrorhynchus Gmel.
Black-backed Pelican ..... Pelecanus conspicillatus Temm.
202 NEW. YORK ; ZOOLOGICAL SOCIEY.
Order CATHARTIDIFORMES, American Condors and
Vultures.
Family CATHARTIDAE. e
King Vulture 22> Jakes Gypagus papa (Linn.).
Condor eas soe ee ee Sarcorhamphus gryphus (Linn.).
Black Viultare%s.5-)4.5 5 oo: Catharista urubu (Vieill.).
Purkey “Vulture sects Cathartes aura (Linn.).
California “Condor: G22... Gymnogyps californianus (Shaw).
Order ACCIPITRIFORMES, Hawks, Eagles, and Old World
Vultures.
Sub-Order Accipitres.
Family Vuuturipak, Old World Vultures.
Griffon? Vulture: 2. a...se Gyps fulvus (Gmel.).
Family Fatconipar, Hawks and Eagles.
Carataral iar ey hone Polyborus cheriway (Jacq.).
CoopersHawkee: «case soe Accipiter cooperii. (Bonap.).
Sennett White-tailed Hawk. Buteo albicaudatus sennetti Allen.
European Buzzard ....... Buteo buteo (Linn.).
Red-tailed Hawk 3.0.2: .%- Buteo borealis (Gmel.).
Red-shouldered Hawk ....Buteo lineatus (Gmel.).
Golden)-Bacle a. 2227 -e Aquila chrysaetos (Linn.).
Rough-legged Hawk ..... Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis
(Gmel.).
BateleussBacle 2 ps: Helotarsus ecaudatus (Daud.).
Vulturine Sea Eagle ..... Gypohierax angolensis (Gmel.).
Huropean) Red Kite... =: Milvus milvus (Linn.).
Bald? Bagless cd crepe Haliaetus leucocephalus (Linn.).
American Duck Hawk..... Falco peregrinus anatum (Bonap.).
White Gaya falconescs <5 Falco islandus Brunn.
Restre ier ted cute grater orecas Falco tinnunculus Linn.
aw ke a tee cienverec ogee Falco brevipennis Berl.
Cuban Sparrow Hawk ....Falco sparverioides Vig.
ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 903
Sub-Order Pandiones.
Family PANDIONIDAE, Ospreys or Fish Hawks.
American. OSpreyr: . yes. Pandion haliaetus carolinensis
(Gmel.).
Order STRIGIFORMES.
Family Busonipar, Horned Owls and others.
GianteHagle"Owl. 2.5.3 sa: Bubo bubo (Linn.).
Great) Horned: Owleaemcssc Bubo virginianus (Gmel.).
Western Horned Owl...... Bubo virginianus pallescens Stone.
Dusky Horned Owl....... Bubo virginianus saturatus Ridgw.
Cape Eagle Owl.......... Bubo capensis Smith.
Snowy Owl .............Nyctea nyctea (Linn.).
Spectacle Owl. 22 snc nee Pusaltrix perspicillata (Lath.).
Little. Scops Owl......... Scops scops (Linn.).
Screcel - Owls... sean ol Megascops asio (Linn.).
Aaa wany: OWAles Bh). curae eo Syrnium aluco (Linn.).
Barrede@ wligiths 2 crsoters, ae Syrnium varium (Barton).
aw wieta Owilrts 2) ..c a. cape Cryptoglaux acadica (Gmel.).
European Little Owl....... Athene noctua (Scop.).
Family Srriarpar, Barn Owls.
American Barn Owl....... Strix pratincola Bonap.
Cape ‘Grass7Owiliwu.o 2524 Strix capensis Smith.
Order PSITTACIFORMES, Parrots, Macaws, Coeckatoos,
and Lories.
Family Loriipar, Lories.
Scarlet Chattering Lory...Lorius garrulus (Linn.).
Family Cacaturpar, Cockatoos.
Gang-gang Cockatoo ..... Callocephalum galeatum (Lath.).
Sulphur-crested Cockatoo. .Cacatua galerita (Lath.).
Leadbeater Cockatoo ..... Cacatua leadbeateri (Vig.).
Red-crested Cockatoo ..... Cacatua moluccensis (Gmel.).
Bare-eyed Cockatoo ...... Cacatua gymnopsis Scl.
Roseate-Gockatoo: 2 2-745. Cacatua roseicapillus Vieill.
204 NEW ~ YORI ZOOLOGIGAL [SOCIEay:
Western Slender-billed
Cockatoo 2. snes ts Licmetis pastinator Gould.
Cockateelit< <0 Orton). sete Calopsittacus novae-hollandiae
(Gmel.).
Family Psrrracipar, Maecaws, Parrots. and Parrakeets.
Blue-and-Yellow Macaw...dra ararauna (Linn.).
Red-and-Blue Macaw .....:< dra macao (Linn.).
Austere. Macaw 0-6 ecw Ara severa (Linn.).
Green-winged Macaw ..:.dra chloroptera Gray.
Military Macaw .........2 dra militaris (Linn.).
Great Green Macaw.......z dra ambigua (Bechst.).
llliger's Macaw sce... dra maracana (Vieill.).
Blue-crowned Conure ..... Conurus haemorrhous (Spix.).
Yellow-headed Parrakeet...Conurus jendaya (Gmel.).
Brown-throated Parrakeet..Conurus aeruginosus (Linn.).
Yellow-faced Parrakeet ...Conurus pertinax (Linn.).
White-eared Parrakeet ....Pyrrhura leucotis (Kuhl.).
Pigmy . Parrotlets . 202 43 Psittacula spengeli Hartl.
Canary-winged Parrakeet ..Brotogerys chiriri (Vieill.).
White-winged Parrakeet ...Brotogerys virescens (Ginel.).
Orange-winged Parrakeet..Brotogerys pyrrhopterus (Lath.).
(Rovieebarralkcec tues tbe 2 Brotogerys jugularis (Miill.).
Golden-naped Amazon ....Admazona auripalliata (Less.).
Yellow-shouldered Amazon.dAmazona ochroptera (Gmel.).
Yellow-fronted Amazon ..Amazona ochrocephala (Gmel.).
Miealiy Auta 701s, uiolstie: 12 34 Amazona farinosa (Bodd.).
Blue-fronted Amazon .....z Amazona aestiva (Linn.).
Yellow-headed Amazon ...Amazona oratrix Ridgw.
Dominican Amazon ........ Amazona ventralis (Miill.).
White-fronted Amazon ....dmazona leucocephala_ (Linn.).
Bahama Amazon >... 2.).0-2 Admazona bahamensis (Bryant).
Red-faced Amazon .......z Amazona albifrons (Sparrm.).
Blue-headed Parrot ...... Pionus menstruus (Linn.).
Ring Parrakeet eae. igen Palaeornis eupatria (Linn.).
Ring-necked Parrakeet ...Palaeornis torquata (Bodd.).
Blossom-headed Parrakeet..Palaeornis cyanocephala (Linn.).
Banded! Parrakeet 5.00 7-0. Palaeornis fasciata (Miill.).
Gray-headed Love-birds ...Agapornis cana (Gmel.).
ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 905
Palesheaded: Rosella 5 «3. Platycercus pallidiceps Vig.
Rosella Parrakeet ........ Platycercus eximius (Shaw).
Undulated Grass Parrakeet. Melopsittacus undulatus (Shaw).
Yellow Grass Parrakeet....Melopsittacus undulatus var.
Order CORACIIFORMES, Kingfishers, Hornbills, ete.
Sub-Order Halcyones.
Family ALCEDINIDAE, Kingfishers.
Giant Laughing Kingfisher. Dacelo gigas (Bodd.).
Sub-Order Bucerotes.
Family Bucerotipak, Hornbills.
Concave-casque Hornbill ..Dichoceros bicornis (Linn.).
Order TROGONES, Trogons.
Family TroGonipak, Trogons.
Cuboanweliro cone eee Priotelus temnurus (Temm.).
gs
Order COCCYGES, Cuckoos.
Sub-Order Cuculi.
Family Cucuipakr, Cueckoos.
Yellow-billed Cuckoo ..... Coccyzus americanus (Linn.).
ROAGTUMMETIAS SoG ..6 ease: Geococcyx californianus (Less.).
Order SCANSORES, Barbets and Toueans.
Sub-Order Capitones.
Family CaprronipaAk, Barbets.
Great Himalayan Barbet..Megalaema marshallorum Swinh.
Sub-Order Rhamphastides.
Family RHAMPHASTIDAE, Touecans.
MOComsROUCalmes soi aie o see Rhamphastos toco (Miill.).
Sulphur-breasted Toucan... Rhamphastos carinatus Swains.
Green-billed Toucan ..... Rhamphastos dicolorus Linn.
206 NEW ~. YORK: ZOOLOGICAL SOCIEaYy
Order PICIFORMES, Woodpeckers.
Sub-Order, Pici.
Family Picipar, Woodpeckers.
Northern, Plickers.2 30 Colaptes auratus luteus Bangs.
Red-headed Woodpecker ..Melanerpes erythrocephalus
(Linn.).
Hairy Woodpecker ....... Dryobates villosus (Linn.).
Order PASSERIFORMES, Perching Birds.
Division Mesomyodi.
Family TyrRANNIDAE, Flyeatchers.
Phoebe? 2255s one Sayornis phoebe (Lath.).—
Kingbirds< Mace. soe ore Tyrannus tyrannus (Linn.).
Wood Pewees ee qa Contopus virens (Linn.).
Division Acromyodi.
Family HiruNDINIDAE, Swallows.
European Swallow ....... Hirundo rustica (Linn.).
Barn Swallow: Sic: tus sees. Hirundo erythrogaster Bodd.
Family Pycnonotipak, Bulbuls.
White-eared Bulbul ...... Otocompsa leucotis (Gould).
Family Trmevimar, Babblers.
Himalayan Jay Thrush ...Garrulax leucolophus (Hardw.).
Melodious Thrush ....... Leucodioptron canorum (Linn.}.
Red-bellied) Hall> Tit: 5... Liothrix luteus (Scop.).
Family Mimipar, Mockingbirds.
Mockingbird (2 s.0s-ce ary eeets Mimus polyglottos (Linn.).
Curacao Mockingbird ..... Mimus gilvus rostratus Ridgw.
Cathirdige st Ce ee Galeoscoptes carolinensis (Linn.).
Brown Chrasier vi. Toxostoma rufum (Linn.).
Blue Mocking-thrush ..... Melanotis caerulescens (Swains).
ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 207
Family Turpipar, Thrushes.
Mexican -Solitame=:—...-. Myiadestes obscurus (Lafr.).
Cuban; Solttame= in... 4.c. 3 Myjiadestes elizabethae (Lemb.).
Cuban Mocking-thrush ...Myzadestes elizabethae (Lemb.).
European Blackbird ...... Merula merula (Linn.).
LEC) Sy rae eG RE ean aba irad Merula migratoria (Linn.).
Gray Robin ............-Merula tristis (Swains.).
Ring Ouzel ge ctcsay. =... ae Turdus torquatus (Linn.).
WroodsWhrusia Mice 2 52ers. Hylocichla mustelina (Gmel.).
Wilsons Mhrushie-s 29s Hylocichla fuscescens (Steph.).
Bicknell’ Thrush: 4.2 =... Hylocichla aliciae bicknelli
(Ridgw.).
Olive-backed Thrush ..... Hylocichla ustulata swainsoni
(Cab.).
Hermit Thrush .......... Hylocichla guttata pallasti (Cab.).
Somoaehstg le (tse crsecrkeeete tlle Hylocichla musica (Linn.).
mock. Whirmashyo soto ene cal Monticola sazatilis (Linn.).
IMiohtinang ale: 2e.5.0 fis Gr es dedon luscinia (Linn.).
Fnglish* Robins. 2-2 22),5..4 Erithacus rubecula (Linn.).
Sitama brush a. 53 ses. se Cittocincla tricolor (Vieill.).
Wwikteatearii.g cote tae ae tists Saaxicola oenanthe (Linn.).
Black-capped Thrush-Robin Catharus mezxicanus (Bonap.).
med Beas ods seteees care so bene Sialia sialis (Linn.).
Wilaitethroats ere faccse tre ase Sylvia sylvia (Linn.).
Wesser’-Whitethroat..- =... Sylvia curruca (Linn.).
Blackcap Warbler ....... Sylvia atricapilla (Linn.).
Willow Wearblerm, <= 2e-c.<sac: Phylloscopus trochilus (Linn.).
Woods Warblers.) ac. 5. 0c: Phylloscopus sibilator (Sal.).
Family VIREONIDAE, Vireos.
Warbling Varco =. ssc5a5: Vireo gilvus (Vieill.).
- Family AMPELIDAE, Waxwing Chatterers.
Cedars, Waxwitie® =. 555.52). Ampelis cedrorum (Vieill.).
Family Laniipak, Shrikes.
Loggerhead Shrike ....... Lanius ludovicianus (Linn.).
Red-backed> Shrike. 2:2 .5- Enneoctonus collurio (Linn.).
208 NEW
Family Parmar, Chickadees
Black-capped Chickadee .
Marsh Titmouse
Great Pitmouse <2 ..32.2.
Blue: “Eihinvousei 4.50 see ae
White-headed Long-tailed
Titmouse
OL ante: eerestesielioue
Long-tailed ‘Titmouse
Family MNIoTILTIDAE, Amer
Black-and-White Warbler.
Prairie Warbler
Myrtle: Warblers. pce
Blackpoll Warbler
Redstart Warbler
Ovenbird
Water-thrush
...degithalus roseus
.
Popo oOo
BooDo oOo
oMoule) \siieLel eho. emeriene, eo! ish'e
YORK ZOOLOGICAL (SGGIETY.
and Titmice.
.Penthestes atricapilla (Linn.).
(Linn. ).
Parus major Linn.
.Poecile palustris
.Cyanistes caeruleus
(Lins):
Aegithalus caudatus
(Linn.).
(Blyth).
ican Warblers.
.Mniotilta varia (Linn.).
Dendroica discolor (Vieill.).
coronata (Linn.).
(Forst.).
Setophaga ruticilla. (Linn.).
(Linn.).
(Gmel.).
Dendroica
Dendroica striata
Seiurus aurocapillus
Seirus noveboracensis
Family Moracituipar, Wagtails and Pipits.
Pied Wagtail
Yellow Wagtail
Family AtaupipA®b, Larks.
Sk ylarkessiyjee cli. wenn eens
Crested=liark mayen ote.
Siberian Black Lark.......
vies; (et ottelie
Motacilla lugubris
(Temm.).
(Pall.).
Motacilla campestris
Galerita cristata (Linn.).
Melanocorypha yeltoniensis
(Frost. ).
Family FrRINGILLIDAR, Sparrows, Grosbeaks, and Buntings.
Greenfinch
Hawfinch
Rose-breasted Grosbeak .
Black-headed Grosbeak
Western Blue Grosbeak. ..
White-throated Finch
Chloris chloris (Linn.).
Coccothraustes coccothraustes
(Linn.).
..Zamelodia ludoviciana (Linn.).
.Zamelodia melanocephala
(Swains.).
.Guiraca caerulea lazula (Less.).
Spermophila albigularis Spix.
BLEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 909
Cuban Bullfinch ..........Melopyrrha nigra (Linn.).
Melodious Grassquit ...... Euetheia canora (Gmel.).
Yellow-faced Grassquit ...Huetheia olivacea (Linn.).
Bahama Grassquit ....... Euetheia bicolor (Linn.).
yer MU OKIA 0 teenies oo 3 Pyrrhuloxia sinuata Bonap.
(GUINTT Ne YG) ies aber oe caaneee ra Fringilla coelebs Linn.
1 55200 0) DU eo eee es ae a Fringilla montifringilla (Linn.).
European Goldfinch ...... Carduelis carduelis (Linn.).
American Goldfinch ....... Astragalinus tristis (Linn.).
Huropean Siskin °.......- Chrysomitris spinus (Linn.).
Rimes Siskin s-.55 cert 8 4 Spinus pinus (Wils.).
1asver6 670) Lote Rae eer BoA Adcanthis linearia (Linn.).
1 EUSTACE, Gera ene SARE Cannabina cannabina (Linn.).
Mountain Finch .......:.. Passer montanus (Linn.).
Bnelish Sparrow ... 2... Passer domesticus (Linn.).
GAMA ye: Fs e skins tease Pos a cies Serinus canaria (Linn.).
Canary+ European
Goldfinch. . Hybrid.
Sattrom: Pinch. 2 ws< ago 2.5 Sycalis flaveola (Linn.).
OSV EIN Cle a Sey ees 5 ices « Carpodacus erythrinus (Pall.).
innmeple: Kimel) see. ot sce Carpodacus purpureus (Gmel.).
louse bimehy 52 eae. 5 cee Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis
(Say).
Mexican House Finch..... Carpodacus meaicanus (Miill.).
BBS ra TG Pa oye ej ac cieh eee 2 Pyrrhula europaea Vieill.
Reeds Bunting. (22 542.2% + Emberiza schoeniclus Linn.
Wellow=hammer 2.40.5. Emberiza citrinella Linn.
Ortolan “Bunting 5 ..J55.°. Emberiza hortulana Linn.
White-throated Sparrow ..Zonotrichia albicollis (Gmel.).
White-crowned Sparrow ..Zonotrichia leucophrys (Forst.).
indigo Bunting Gia... ee Cyanopiza cyanea (Linn.).
reegoparrow-- 225 4 ies Spizella monticola (Gmel.).
slate-colored, Junco "2 - «1: Junco hyemalis (Linn.).
Chipping Sparrow ........ Spizella socialis (Wils.).
Bield) Sparrow <n... 253 Spizella pusilla (Wils.).
Vespers Sparrows. c<.5 <5. Pooecetes gramineus (Gmel.).
SONG Sparrow. +.225..20..! Velospiza cinerea melodia (Wils.).
Swamp Sparrow .........Melospiza georgiana (Lath.).
Fox Sparrow, os eace o- Passerella iliaca (Merr.).
Zit0 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
Pileated: Winchy 72. es... Coryphospingus pileatus Neuw.
Red-crested Cardinal ..... Paroaria cucullata (Wath.).
Red-headed Cardinal ..... Paroaria larvata (Bodd.).
Chestnut-capped
Buarremon Sparrow ..Buarremon brunneinuchus (Lafres).
Family CoEREBIDAE, Sugar-birds and Honey-ecreepers.
Yellow-winged Sugar-bird..Coereba cyanea (Linn.).
Family TANAGRIDAE, Tanagers.
Abbot. Vanager “255. 352 nr Tanagra abbas Licht.
Scarlet Lanawers. aoe) ee Piranga erythromelas Vieill.
Brick-red" Tanager. 35-25 -1- Piranga testacea Scl.
Red-crowned Tanager ....2achyphonus coronatus (Vieill.).
Family PLocempAr, Weaver-birds.
Paradise Whydah ........ Vidua paradisea (Linn.).
Red-shouldered Whydah ..Coliuspasser progne (Bodd.).
Crimson-crowned Weaver ..Pyromelana flammiceps Swains.
Orange SWeavertirs ie Pyromelana franciscana (Isert).
Napoleon Weaver 25.05. .: Pyromelana afra Gmel.
Red-billed Masked Weaver. Quelea quelea Linn.
Bronze Mannikin ........ Spermestes cucullatus Swains.
Magpie Mannikin ........4 Amauresthes fringilloides Lafres.
Cut=throat, | G.c7/sanere st eae Amadina fasciata Gmel.
Red-headed Finch ........2 dmadina erythrocephala (Linn.).
Combassoutyts weanetee ccs taes Hypochaera aenea_ Hartl.
Zebra Pameby, \. 5 cicvits) eles Sin Taeniopygia castanotis (Gould).
Strawberry Hinehecms wee. Sporaeginthus amandava_ (Linn.).
Orange-cheeked Finch ....Sporaeginthus melpodus Vieill.
White Java Sparrow...... Munia oryzivora var.
Javaroparrow <6 eee a! Munia oryzivora Linn.
Three-colored Mannikin ...Munita malacca Linn.
White-headed Mannikin ..Munia maja Linn.
Black-headed Mannikin ...Munia atricapilla Vieill.
Spice Mannikin 3203.0). Munia punctulata Linn.
Bengalees i. an0 see eee didemosyne malabarica + Uroloncha
striata (?).
Indian Silver-bill ......... Aidemosyne malabarica Linn.
ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. ll
Gould Yellow-rumped
Mannikin Munia flavipyrmna Gould.
Red-tailed Finch ......... Bathilda ruficauda (Gould).
Long-tailed Grass Finch ... Poephila acuticauda Gould.
Geass Pimchy.¢-).Jcaiawee oe Poephila cincta Gould.
Sts Helena Waxbill. .2...- Estrilda astrilda Linn.
Common) Waxbilly 227 3.05% Estrilda cinerea Vieill.
Scaly-fronted Weaver ..... Sporopipes squamifrons (Smith).
Madagascar Weaver ...... Foudia madagascariensis Linn.
Reichenback Masked
WiCAWerns tes: 2y-Pa ae ie Hyphantornis taeniopterus (Reich.).
Family Icreripar, Cowbirds, Blackbirds, and American Orioles.
(Bonolinitotee nse ete. aterm is Dolichonyx oryzivorus (Linn.).
Gow birds: cha. arise sae a Molothrus ater (Bodd.).
Dwart Cowbird = 5.5 ..22 1 Molothrus ater obscurus (Gmel.)
Red-eyed Cowbird ........ Callothrus robustus (Cab.).
Red-winged Blackbird ....Agelaius phoeniceus (Linn.).
Vera Cruz Red-winged
Blackbird s274sc 2462 A gelaius phoeniceus richmondi
Nelson.
Rufous-shouldered
Blackbird ye hi ee Agelaius humeralis (Vig.).
Yellow-headed Blackbird ..Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus
(Bonap.).
Orange-headed Blackbird. .dmblyrhamphus holosericeus
(Scop.).
Meadowlarkonts = aisoi6 94% Sturnella magna (Linn.).
Baltimore, Oriole 2 ee 22-4: Icterus galbula_ (Linn.).
Orchard a@rioley.2. san. Icterus spurius (Linn.).
Cuban’ Oniolewex. 222. Icterus hypomelas (Bonap.).
Wapviler>Orioletss.c je tse Icterus wagleri Sel.
Mioodedy Oriole ae +420: Icterus cucullatus (Swains.).
Yellow-tailed Oriole ...... Icterus mesomelas (Wagl.).
MoMA Beep esyesc cake retest Icterus icterus (Linn.).
Mucple Grackley 22/)..5.% 6: Quiscalus quiscula (Linn.).
BronzeduGrackle (34... 25 6 Quiscalus quiscula aeneus (Ridgw.).
Great-tailed Grackle .....Megaquiscalus major macrourus
Swains.
912 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY:
Family EvuLasetipar, Glossy Starlings.
Purple-crowned Glossy
Sibarlitions “anon eee eee Calornis metallica (Temm.).
Green Glossy Starling..... Calornis chalybea (Horsf.).
Family Srurnipak, Starlings and Mynas.
Hnglish Stacking esse Sturnus vulgaris Linn.
Malabar “Mymase ae o2 4: Poliopsar malabaricus (Gmel.)
Black-headed Miya... Temenuchus pagodarum (Gmel.).
Common OMynarm see Acridotheres tristis (Linn.).
Marger” Hull iva as -Mainatus intermedius (Hay).
Rose-colored “Pastor 22. 5-4. Pastor roseus (Linn.).
Family Corvipar, Ravens, Crows, and Magpies.
ROOK: fa ees ae eee Corvus frugilegus Linn.
iHuropean = Rayen=scs- eer Corvus corax Linn.
AMericant (haAvenur ese Corvus corax sinuatus (Wagl.)
Jackdaw? S2o0205 oS eicuse cote Corvus monedula Linn.
PAMerican | CEOWsNe = ener Corvus brachyrhynchus (Brehm).
Bish “Crow tx aie a yes: Corvus ossifragus Wils.
Furopean Meopierss.- 4... Pica pica Linn.
European, Jay oe. aes Garrulus glandarius (Linn.).
Blue Ware onseecee tees Cyanocitta cristata (Linn.).
Apne: Chourhvew cies Pyrrhocorax alpinus Vieill.
BY-LAWS
OF THE
NEW. YORK ZOOLOGICAL "SOCHEVY
AMENDED TO JANUARY 15, 1907
ARG GI Eyes
MEETINGS OF THE SOCIETY.
Section 1. The office and place of business of the New York Zoologi-
cal Society shall be in the City of New York, unless otherwise ordered.
Sec. 2. The Society shall hold its annual meeting for the election of
Managers, and other business, on the second Tuesday of January, or such
day thereafter during the month of January to which said annual meeting
shall adjourn.
Sec. 3. Special meetings of the Society shall be called by the Secre-
tary, upon the request of the President or the Chairman of the Executive
Committee, or at the written request of ten members.
Sec. 4. Notices of all meetings shall be mailed to each member of the
Society at least three days before such meeting.
Sec. 5. At meetings of the Society twenty members shall constitute
a quorum.
Sec. 6. The order of business shall be as follows:
Roll REall:
. Reading of minutes not previously read.
. Report of Executive Committee.
Report of Secretary.
Report of Treasurer.
Report of the Director of the Zoological Park.
Report of Director of the Aquarium.
Election of Managers.
Communications.
. Miscellaneous business.
. Reports and resolutions.
FSO ON OAURSN
oH
ARTICER SE
BOARD OF MANAGERS.
Sec. 1. The Board of Managers shall consist of thirty-six members,
together with the Mayor of New York and President of the Park Board,
or Commissioner for the Bronx, who shall be members ex-officio of the
Board.
Sec. 2. Nineteen Managers shall constitute a quorum, but ten man-
agers may transact current business, and adjourn, subject to the subse-
quent approval of a meeting at which a quorum shall be present.
Sec. 3. The Board of Managers shall hold an annual meeting on the
third Tuesday of January, or on such day thereafter to which said annual
meeting shall adjourn. Regular meetings of the Board may also be called
214 NEWS YORK ZOOLOGICAL SSOCGIE DY.
by the Secretary on the third Tuesdays of October and April upon
the request of the President or Chairman of the Executive Committee.
Special meetings of the Board shall be called at any time by the Secretary,
upon the request of the President or Chairman of the Executive Com-
mittee, or at the written request of five Managers.
Sec. 4. Notices of meetings of the Board shall be mailed to each
Manager at least three days before such meetings.
Sec. 5. The successors to the outgoing class of Managers shall be
elected by the Society at its annual meeting, but vacancies in the Board
may be filled for the unexpired term by the Board of Managers, or by the
Executive Committee.
Sec. 6. A Nominating Committee shali be annually appointed by the
Executive Committee, and shall consist of three members of the Society
at large, who shall nominate and post ten days before the annual election
the names of twelve persons to succeed the outgoing class of Managers in
a conspicuous place in the office of the Society.
Sec. 7. No person shall be eligible for election to the Board of Man-
agers, except to fill vacancies, unless his name shall have been posted as a
candidate by such Committee, or by not less than ten members, in writing,
in a conspicuous place in the office of the Society ten days before the
annual election. All candidates for election as Managers must be Life
Members, Patrons, Associate Founders, or Founders of the Society.
Sec. 8. Any Manager who shall fail to attend three consecutive meet-
ings of the Board, unless excused by vote of the Board, shall cease to be
a Manager.
Sec. Gc. The Board of Managers shall at its annual meeting elect a
President, two Vice-Presidents, a Secretary, and a Treasurer, who shall
hold office for one year, or until their successors are elected. The Prest-
dent, Vice-Presidents, and Treasurer shall be members of the Board.
Sec. to. The Director of the Zoological Park, the Director of the
Aquarium, and all other persons employed by the Society, shall be ap-
pointed by the Board or by the Executive Committee, and shall hold office
during the pleasure of the Board.
Sec. tt. The Board shall, at its annual meeting, elect an Executive
Committee and Auditing Committee, which shall hold office for one year,
or until their successors are elected. The Board of Managers and the
Executive Committee shall also have authority to appoint such other Com-
mittees or Officers as they may at any time deem desirable, and to dele-
gate to them such powers as may be necessary.
Sec. 12. The order of business of the meetings of the Board shall be
as follows:
Roll call.
Reading of minutes not previously read.
Report of Executive Committee.
Report of Secretary.
Report of Treasurer.
Report of Auditing Committee.
Report of Director of the Zoological Park.
Report of Director of the Aquarium.
Election of Officers.
Election of Committees.
Election of new members.
Communications.
Miscellaneous business.
Sec. 13. All reports and resolutions shall be in writing, and the ayes
and navs may be called on any resolution at the request of one Manager.
Sec. 14. Whenever the funds’ of the Society shall permit, the Board
of Managers or the Executive Committee may award medals or other
prizes for meritorious work connected with the objects of the Society.
PY ASOAIANEYW DH
Hee
ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. I15
ARTICLE Li:
OFFICERS.
Sec. 1. The officers of the Society shall consist of a President, two
Vice-Presidents, a Treasurer, a Secretary, and a Director of the Zoological
Park. These officers, with the exception of the Director, shall be elected
at the annual meeting of the Board of Managers, but any vacancy may be
filled for an unexpired term by the Board of Managers, or by the Executive
Committee, until the next annual election.
Sec. 2. The President shall preside at all meetings of the Board and of
the Society, and shall be ea-officio a member of the Executive and Auditing
Commitiees.
Sec. 3. The Vice-Presidents shall, in the absence of the President,
perform his duties and possess his powers, acting in the order of their
election.
Sec. 4. The Treasurer shall receive, collect and hold, subject to the
order of the Board of Managers, or the Executive Committee, all dues,
subscriptions, warrants from the City, fees and securities. He shall pay
all bills as ordered by the Board of Managers or the Executive Committee,
and shall report to the Society at its annual meeting, and to the Board of
Managers at all regular meetings, and to the Executive Committee at each
meeting. He shall keep all moneys and securities in some bank or trust
company to be approved by the Board of Managers or Executive Com-
mittee. The books of the Society shall at all times be open to the inspec-
tion of the Managers.
Sec. 5. The Secretary shall be a salaried officer of the Society. He
shall be present, unless otherwise relieved by the Board or Executive
Committee, at all meetings of the Society, of the Board, and of the Stand-
ing Committees. He shall keep a careful record of all proceedings, shall
have the custody of the seal, archives and books, other than books of
account, and shall conduct the correspondence of the Society. He shall
issue all notices and tickets, and shall perform such other duties as the
Board may direct. He shall be a member ex-officio of the Executive,
Aquarium, and Auditing Committees, and of the Scientific Council.
Sec. 6. The Director of the Zoological Park shall be elected annually
by the Executive Committee at a salary to be determined by said Com-
mittee, and paid monthly from funds of the Society. He shall be the
responsible administrative officer of the Park, and shall recommend to the
Executive Committee candidates for the various positions in the Park.
He shall also perform all such other duties in connection with the business,
scientific, and literary administration of the Society as may be assigned to
him by the Executive Committee.
Sec. 7. The Director of the Aquarium shall be elected annually by
the Executive Committee, and shall hold office until removed or his suc-
cessor is chosen by said Committee. He shall be the responsible admin-
istrative officer of the Aquarium, and shall recommend to the Executive
Committee all candidates for positions in the Aquarium. The Director
of the Aquarium shall be ex-officio a member and Chairman of the Aqua-
rium Committee. He shal! perform such other duties in connection with
the Aquarium as may be assigned to him by the Executive Committee.
INRATICILAR, IW
COMMITTEES.
Sec. 1. There shall be two standing committees, the Executive Com-
mittee and the Auditing Committee, which shall hold .office for one year
or until their successors are elected.
216 NEW “YORK ZOOLOGICAL "SOCHERY,
Sec. 2. The Executive Committee shall consist of seven Managers,
together with the President and Secretary of the Society ex-officio. Four
members shall constitute a quorum, and all meetings shall be called by the
Chairman. The Executive Committee shall fill all vacancies in its own
number and shall have the full powers of the Board of Managers, except
so far as such delegation of power may be contrary to law.
Sec. 3. The Executive Committee shall have the control and regula-
tion of the collections, library, and all other property of the Society, and
shall have power to purchase, sell, and exchange specimens and books, to
employ and control all officials and employees of the Society, Park, and
Aquarium, and generally to carry out in detail the directions of the Board
of Managers and the terms of any contract between the City, or Park
Board, and the Society.
Sec. 4. All the rules and regulations for the examination of applicants
for the various positions in the Park and Aquarium shall be made or ap-
proved by the Executive Committee.
Sec. 5. The Executive Committee may regulate the auditing and pay-
ment for all current accounts.
Sec. 6. The Executive Committee shall annually appoint an Aqua-
rium Committee, whose duties and powers are set forth in Section 11 of
Article IV of these By-Laws.
Sec. 7. The Executive Committee shall annually appoint a Nominat-
ing Committee, whose duties and powers are set forth in Sections 6 and 7,
Article II, of these By-Laws.
Sec. 8. It shall also appoint a Scientific Council, whose powers and
duties are set forth in Section 2 of Article V of these By-Laws.
Sec. 9. The Committee shall make a written report at each regular
meeting of the Board of Managers.
Sec. 10. The Auditing Committee shall consist of three reguiar mem-
bers of the Society, in addition to the President and Secretary, members
ex-officio, and vacancies shall be filled by the Executive Committee. It
shall be the duty of the Auditing Committee to audit, annually, the
accounts of the Treasurer, of the Director of the Zoological Park, and of
the Director of the Aquarium, and any other accounts of the Society and
shall report to the Board of Managers at its annual meeting.
Sec. 11. The Executive Committee shall annually appoint an Aqua-
rium Committee, not to exceed eight members of this Society, who shall
hold office until their successors are chosen. All vacancies shall be filled
by the Executive Committee. The Director of the Aquarium shall be
ex-officio a member and the Chairman of the Aquarium Committee, and
such Committee may vest in him any or all of its powers. The Chairman of
the Executive Committee and the Secretary of the Society shall also be
ex-officio members of the Aquarium Committee. Three members shall
constitute a quorum. The Executive Committee may delegate to the
Aquarium Committee such powers as it may deem proper.
RDI EEE, WVe
SCIENTIFIC COUNCIL.
Sec. 1. The Executive Committee shall annually appoint a Scientific
Council of not more than ten members, and shall fill all vacancies. Mem-
bers of the Council shall hold office until their successors are appointed.
Sec. 2. The duties of the Council shall be to act as an advisory board
in all matters pertaining to the scientific administration of the Society,
and especially as to the scientific features of the Park, the promotion of
zoology by publications and otherwise, and the preservation of the native
fauna of America.
Sec. 3. Four members, including the Chairman, shall constitute a
ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. Ay,
quorum. The Chairman shall be elected annually by the Council. The
Chairman of the Executive Committee and the Secretary of the Society
shall be members ex-officio of the Council.
ARIES Wale
MEMBERS.
Sec. 1. The present members and such others as shall become asso-
ciated with them, under the conditions prescribed by the By-Laws, shall
be members of this Society as long as they shall comply with the By-Laws.
Sec. 2. Members failing to comply with these By-Laws, or for other
good and sufficient cause, may be expelled from the Society by the Execu-
tive Committee.
Sec. 3. Candidates for membership shall be proposed and seconded by
members of the Society. The name, occupation, and place of residence of
every member as proposed shall be submitted for election to the Board of
Managers or the Executive Committee, and such person, when elected,
shall become a member upon payment of the annual dues, or of the fees
as prescribed below.
Sec. 4. The annual dues shall be ten dollars, payable in advance, on
the first day of May of each year, but the Executive Committee may remit
the dues for the current year in the case of members elected between Jan-
uary Ist and May Ist of each year. The classes of membership shall be as
follows:
Sec. 5. The payment of $200 at one time shall constitute any member
a Life Member.
Sec. 6. The payment of $1,000 at one time, or in the case of a Life
Member, of $800, shall constitute any member a Patron.
Sec. 7. The payment of $2,500 at one time, or in the case of a Patron
of $1,500, or of a Life Member of $2,300, shall constitute any member an
Associate Founder.
Sec. 8. Any member who shall donate to the Society $5,000, or prop-
erty of equal value, or any Associate Founder who shall donate $2,500, or
any Patron who shall donate $4,000, may be elected by the Board of Man-
agers or Executive Committee a Founder.
Sec. 9. Any member who shall have donated to the Society ten thou-
sand dollars ($10,000), or its equivalent, may be elected by the Board of
Managers or the Executive Committee a Founder in Perpetuity. Such
Founder in Perpetuity shall have the power to designate by a last will and
testament his successor, who shall thereupon be entitled to all the rights
and privileges of the original Founder in Perpetuity, including the right of
designating in turn his successor.
Sec. 10. Any member who shall donate to the Society $10,000, or any
Founder who shall donate $5,000, may be elected by the Board of Man-
agers or Executive Committee a Benefactor. A Benefactor shall have all
the rights and privileges of a Founder in Perpetuity.
Sec. 11. Persons who have rendered marked service in the science of
zoology or natural history may be elected Honorary Members, but not
more than three such Honorary Members shall be elected in any one
calendar year.
Sec. 12. A resident member who shall have rendered marked scien-
tific or professional services to the Society in any branch of its work may
be elected by the Executive Committee a Life Member, Patron, Associate
Founder, or Founder. A resident of New York who shall have rendered
marked services in zoology or natural history may be elected by the Ex-
ecutive Committee a Permanent Fellow.
Sec. 13. Non-residents who communicate valuable information to the
Society, or who have rendered marked service in the science of zoology or
natural history, may be elected Corresponding Members.
218 NEW YORK ‘ZOOLOGICALS SOCIETY.
Sec. 14. Benefactors, Founders in Perpetuity, Founders, Associate
Founders, Patrons, Life Members, Honorary Members, Permanent Fel-
lows, and Corresponding Members shall be exempt from annual dues.
ARTICEE Vil:
PRIVILEGES OF MEMBERS.
Sec. 1. A member’s ticket admits the member and his immediate
family to the Park on reserve days, and to all lectures and special exhibi-
tions, and may be used by the member’s immediate family, and shail be
good for the current year.
Sec. 2. Admission tickets to the Park and Aquarium on reserve days
are issued to members for distribution, and are good for the current year.
Sec. 3. Each member of the Society is entitled annually to a mem-
ber’s ticket and to ten admission tickets.
Sec. 4. Each member shall also receive one copy of the catalogue or
handbook, the report and official publications of the Society, and shall
have all the privileges of the Library and Members’ Building.
Sec. 5. No member shall be entitled to the privileges enumerated in
this Article unless his annual dues shall have been paid.
Sec. 6. The Life Members shall have all the privileges of members
and ten additional admission tickets.
Sec. 7. Benefactors, Founders in Perpetuity, Founders, Associate
Founders and Patrons shall have all the privileges of Life Members, and
shall in addition receive copies of all scientific works published by the
Society.
Sec. 8. Any member who shall fail to pay his annual dues within
three months after the same shall have become due, and after notice of
thirty days, by mail, shall cease to be a member of the Society; subject,
however, to reinstatement by the Board of Managers or Executive Com-
mittee for good cause shown.
Sec. 9. Any person elected to membership who shall fail to qualify
within three months after notice of his election shall be considered to have
declined his election; but such term may be extended by the Board of
Managers or Executive Committee.
RADE GIeBrs Vale
FINANCES.
Sec. 1. The fiscal year of the corporation shall be the calendar year
commencing January Ist and ending December 31st.
Sec. 2. Neither the Society nor any of its Managers or Officers shall
contract any debt which, with existing debts, shall exceed in amount the
funds then in the Treasury, except to meet expenditures for which the
City is liable, and for which the Society will be reimbursed by warrants
from the Comptroller’s office.
AR TIGER PX:
AMENDMENTS.
Sec. 1. Amendments to these By-Laws may be proposed, in writing,
at any meeting of the Board of Managers, and adopted by unanimous con-
sent of the Managers present, or if such proposed amendment shall fail to
receive unanimous consent, the Secretary shall, with the notices of the
next meeting, send a copy of it to each Manager and state that it will be
brought up for action at such meeting, when it may be passed by a major-
ity vote.
Sndex
ACCOUNT, income, 32, 44
Ackerman, Chief Clerk G. K., 39
Acknowledgments, 38, 79
Actinomycosis, 137
Actinomycosis, diagnosis of, 140
Administration building, 35
Alligator, American, 143
growth of, 143, 153
Mississippiensis, 143
Ambloplites rupestris, 108
Ameiurus nebulosus, I10
marmoratus, IIO
An anglers’ paradise, III
Animals, health of, 54
Aquarium, 37
fish culture, 89
history, 87
maintenance of, 33
report of director, 83
school work, 85
temperatures at, 88
Arctictis binturong, 129
Asio accipitrinus, 174
wilsonianus, 172
Attendance, Aquarium, 31, 84, 85
Zoological Park, 31, 53
Bairp Court, 34
walls and stairways, 71
work on, 64
Barney, Charles 7T., 42
Bass, black, book of, I11
breeding habits of, 111
habits and culture of, 110
large-mouthed, 107
small-mcuthed, 107
small-mouthed, propagation, III
Bear dens, water supply at, 66
Beaver pond pipe line, 64
Beebe, Curator C. W., 57, 157
Beerbower, Geo. M., 78
Berry, Comr. Jos. I., 39
Biological laboratory, 35
Birds, summary of, 59
Bishop, Henry, 87
Boat House, 34, 74
Bourne, Frederick G., 33
Bronx River, preservation of, 37
Buildings, new, 34
public comfort, 7!
Buffalo Range, the large, 67
CaGE paralysis, 128
Gardezanli Dye ViEsee3
Caprimulgidae, 161
Carp and its culture, 111
Catfish, common, I10
Civil engineering, 78
Clark, Master Billy, 87
Collections, animal, 35
size of, 54
summary of, 61
Congo Free State, 61
Corrals, buffalo, 62
Costains Bs Ee 72
Crappie, 109
Cryptoglaux acadica, 178
tengmalmi richardsoni, 178
Currys’ Sons, William, 87
Cysts, tape-worm, 128
Cytospora, 36
DEATHS, table of, 131
Department, administration, 73
bird, 57
engineering, 78
forestry, 36
mammal, 56
medical, 36
park, 56
photography and publications,
reptile, 59
7
9
220
Dimock, A. W., 33, 86
Director, report of, 53
Diseases, unusual, 130
Distemper, 1209
Ditirarss Cunaton ke lee e55.850
Diucl DrwA Bess
Ecer, Theodore G., 86
Estimate, board of, 55
Executive committee, 41
report of, 31
Enteritis, gastro, 127
FEED barn, 71, 77
Fences and gates, 63
Finley, W. L., 58
Fish Commission, New York, 86
Fish culture for farmers, 112
manual of, 110
modern, in fresh and salt water,
110
notes on ELt
on the farm, III
utilizing water by, III
hatching and fish catching, 111
poisoning, 130
Fisheries, bureau, U. S., 86
Forest fires, 69
Forestry, 68
Fund, animal, 32, 45
Aquarium, 50
Aquarium improvement, 33, 49
general, 32, 43
ground improvement, 32, 47
maintenance, 32, 46
GAME protection, 36
Gastro-enteritis, 127
Gate receipts, 77
Gifts, important, 33
hist mote enne
Glass court, 71
Glaucidium, gnoma, 191
phalaenoides, I91
Guide book, 75
Gottsleben, Emil, 87
Greenleaf, James L., 36
Ground Improvements, Contract
work, 69
INDEX
HARRIMAN, FE. H., 33
Heads and horns, national collection
of, 36, 41
Hennessy, Asst. Eng. W. P., 39
Herrman, Hon. Moses, 38
Holmes, E. A, 58
Hoot-owl, 175
Hornaday, Director William T., 37,
53, 80
House, elephant, 55
small-deer, 34, 62, 69
IcE manufacturing plant, 78
Improvements, 62
Injuries, 130
Insect pests, 68
Intestinal parasites, 128
Jacos, Capt. Paul, 87
James, Mrs. Arthur Curtiss, 33
LAINE, Isl © &E
Lepomis pallidus, 109
MAINTENANCE, 72
Mammals, department of, 55
summary of, 57
Marone americana, 109
interrupta, 109
Mayer, Dr. A. G, 87
McLaughlin, James, 58
McClellan, Hon. Geo. B., 38
McMillin, Emerson, 33
Merkel, Chief Constructor H. W.,
Ao, (4, GZ
Metz, Hon. Herman A., 38
Micropallas whitneyi, 192
Micropterus dolomieu, 107
salmoides, 107
Miscellaneous items, 67
Mitchell, Chief Clerk H. R., 73
William, 73
Mombasa, 55
Morris, A. Newbold, 38
Museum, American, 55
NycTEA nyctea, 184
OTUS asio, 179
Ovis stonei, 137
INDEX
Owls, 157
barn, 167, 168
barred, 167, 175
burrowing, 167, 186
dwarf horned, 182
elf, 167, 192
great gray, 167, 176
great horned, 167, 182
hawk, 167, 186
long-eared, 167, 171
pigmy, 167, 191
Richardson, 17
saw-whet, 167, 178
screech, 167, 179
short-eared, 167, 171
snowy, 167, 184
PARALYSIS, cage, 128
Parasites, intestinal, 128
unusual, 129
Pavilion, entrance, at West Farms,
71
Pelham Avenue entrance, 71
Perca flavescens, 108
Perch, white, 109
yellow, 108
Photography and publications, 79
Planting, 68
Pneumonia, 127
verminous broncho, 128
Pomoxis annularis, 109
sparcides, 100
Pond culture, 90, 111
Ponds and lakes, natural, 94
pond culture methods, 112
Publications, 33
QUARANTINE, 129
RED-EYE, 108
Redfield, Miss Bessie, 87
Master Edward, 87
Reptiles, summary of, 61
Reese, Dr. Albert M., 149
Riding animals, 77
Roccus chrysops, 109
Restaurant, Rocking Stone, 75
221
SANBORN, Elwin R., 79
Schenck, Chief Engineer Martin, 39
Schuyler, Philip, 38, 87
Schiff, Jacob, 33
Scotiaptex nebulosa, 176
Seborrhoeic folliculitis, 132
Service road, completion of, 62
Sheep, black mountain, 137
Shelton, F. H., 87
Shields, G. O., 36
Shooting in the Park, 69
Skin disease, peculiar, 132
Soda water, 75
Souvenir book, 77
postal cards, 75
Speke gulf, 55
Speotyto cunicularia, 187
floridana, 188
hypogaea, 187
Staphylococcus pyogenes, 132
Steatornis, 161
Steatornithidae, 161
Strigidae, 158
Strigiformes, 158
Strix pratincola, 168
Syrnium occidentale, 176
varium, 175
Surnia ulula caparoch, 186
TAPE-WoRM cysts, 128
Thorne, Samuel, 33, 56
Tjader, Richard, 35, 55
Townsend, Director C. H., 89
Treasurer’s statements, 43
Trout, domesticated, III
Tuberculosis, 129
UNUSUAL diseases, 130
parasites, 1209
Victor1A Nyanza, 55
VERNER, Samuel P., 61
Veterinarian, report of, 127
West Farms block, 67
entrance, 63
Western boundary fence, 64
Wichita forest reserve, 36
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